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Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 > Unit 4 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lab Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Chemical process that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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2
Q

Define incidence

A

The frequency of a disease in a specified population over a period of time

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3
Q

Define absorption

A

transfer of substance from the GI tract to extracellular space

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4
Q

Define digestion

A

The process of mechanically and enzymatically breaking down food into substances for absorption into the blood stream

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5
Q

Define metabolism

A

chemical reactions throughout the body

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6
Q

Define hyperglycemia

A

Excess glucose in blood stream often associated with diabetes mellitus

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7
Q

Define anabolism

A

metabolic pathway in which energy is needed in order to synthesis small molecules into bigger ones

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8
Q

Define diabetes mellitus

A

Disease where insulin production is impaired resulting in abnormal high blood glucose levels

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9
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Lack of glucose in blood stream

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10
Q

What type of signal molecule is secreted from the endocrine cell in the blood?

A

Hormone

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11
Q

What to target cells have that will receive the signal molecule to bind

A

Receptors

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12
Q

What chemical class is epinephrine

A

Amino acid

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13
Q

Growth hormone is produced where

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

What is the process to breakdown stored carbohydrates into it monomer form

A

Glycogenolysis

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15
Q

What is the process name of breaking down stored fat into its monomer

A

Lipolysis

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16
Q

What energy pathway does (glucose) enter?

A

Glycolysis

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17
Q

What is the final product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate (2 of them)

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18
Q

What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions

A

Enter the mitochondria & converted to triglycerides

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19
Q

What is the process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl CoA

A

Beta oxidation

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20
Q

What are normal values for glucose test

A

Glucose should never exceed 200 mg/dL

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21
Q

What are the blood glucose levels for hyperglycemia individuals

A

100-125 mg/dL

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22
Q

What test is used to identify glucose levels

A

Hemoglobin A1C test

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23
Q

Define glycated , why is it bad

A

When glucose attachments to proteins that changes their structure and function negatively. This may cause a autoimmune reaction

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24
Q

What are blood glucose levels for hypoglycemia?

A

Below 70mg /dL

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25
What are the 3 basic types of chemical classes of hormones?
Amino acids, peptides and steroids
26
Which of the 3 basic types of chemical class of hormone are polar?
Peptide
27
Which of the three basic chemical class add non-polar?
Steroids
28
Where must peptide hormone receptors be located for target cells?
On plasma cell membrane of cells
29
Where must steroid hormone receptors be located for target cells?
Inside the cell
30
Feed back loop for ⬆️ glucose level
• ⬆️ blood glucose • pancreatic B-cells • pancreatic B-cells • ⬆️ insulin released into blood • hepatocytes w/ insulin receptors 1. ⬇️ glucose concentrations inside hepatocytes 2. ⬆️ glucose transport into hepatocytes via glut 2 transporters 3. Glucose is converted into glycogen for storage 4. ⬆️ glycogenesis • ⬇️ blood glucose levels
31
Feed back loop for ⬇️ glucose levels
• ⬇️ blood glucose level • pancreatic Alpha cells • pancreatic alpha cells • ⬆️ release of glucagon into blood • hepatocytes into blood w/glucagon receptors 1. ⬆️ glycogenolysis 2. ⬆️ glucose concentrations inside hepatocytes 3. ⬆️ released glucose to blood through GLUT2 transporter • ⬆️ blood glucose
32
How much of the population make up type 2 diabetes? Type 1?
Type 1: 10% Type 2: 90%
33
How is type 2 diabetes treated
Through exercise (associated with better glut -4 transporter) and dietary changes (eat food with low glycemic index)
34
What are the transporter responsible for glucose from blood to the liver cells?
GLUT - 2 transporter
35
What are the transport responsible for transporting glucose from blood to the muscle and fat vells?
GLUT - 4 transporters
36
Fatty acids must be converted into acetyl CoA which pathway does this molecule enter?
Kreb cycleor citric acid cycle
37
What are the monomer forms for proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids
Carbs: monosaccharides Lipids : fatty acids Protein: amino acids Nucleic acids : nucleotides
38
What bio molecules have storage molecules? What are they?
Carbs and lipids. Carbs : glycogen Lipids : triglycerides
39
What type of hormone or chemical class is produced in the pancreas?
Peptide
40
What are the names of the hormones produced by the pancreas
Insulin , glucagon , somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
41
What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin & vasopressin
42
What chemical class do oxytocin and vasopressin belong?
Peptides
43
What chemical class does aldosterone fall into
Steroid
44
What hormone is produced by the skin
vitamin D-3
45
Which type of chemical class hormone is vitamins D-3
Steroid
46
What is the functional unit of the kidney called?
Nephron
47
What if the fluid that leaves blood and moves through the nephron
Filtrate
48
What does the kidney affect that are the major affect it’s for blood pressure
Total blood volume
49
What is the process where fluid is suspended substances moving out of the glomerular capillaries and into the tubule
Filtration
50
What is the process of substances being taken out of the nephron tubule and returned to the blood
Reabsorption
51
Urine is removed from what major component of blood?
Plasma
52
What are the sensors detecting when the body is dehydrated or overhydrated
Osmorereceptors
53
The elimination of material from the body is called ?
Excretion
54
What is the technical term for urinating is called?
Micturition
55
What stimuli affect the nephron?
Total blood volume Blood osmolarity Blood pH
56
Epinephrine is what type of chemical class hormone
Amino acid
57
Growth hormone is produced here
Anterior Pituitary gland
58
Hormones produced by the adrenal gland are of what chemical class
Steroid
59
Insulin is this type of chemical class hormone
Peptide
60
If a urine sample tested positive for protein pH: 8 and tested positive for waxh casts and erythrocytes what condition might exist?
UTI
61
What substances should be reabsorbed in the nephron?
Amino acids, glucose, ions , bicarbonate Small proteins Gases
62
what substances should not be in urine ?
RBC , WBC , platelets & large proteins
63
what stimuli do the kidneys help fix?
blood pressure, blood pH , blood osmolarity
64
what is being asborbed at the descending limp of the loo?
water
65
what is being reabsorbed at the ascending limp of the loop?
ions all but ca
66
what componenets get filtered out of the blood into the nephron?
small proteins, glucose, amino acids, lipids, nitrogenous waste
67
what substances do not get filtered into the nephron?
large plasma proteins, formed cellular elements
68
what are proteins in their monomer form?
amino acids
69
what are carbs in their monomer form ?
monosaccharides
70
what are lipids in their monomer form ?
fatty acids
71
what are nucleic acids in their monomer form?
nucelotides
72
what is the storage form of carbs?
glycogen
73
what is the storage form of lipids ?
triglycerides
74
define glyocgenesis
formation of glycogen into their polymer form
75
define lipolysis
break down of lipids into their monomer form
76
what substance goes into glycolysis energy pathway?
monosaccharide
77
what is the final product from the glycolysis energy pathway?
2 pryuvate
78
what happens to 2 pryuvate under aerobic coniditions?
it enter the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle
79
what happens to 2 pryuvate under anaerobic conditions?
it turns into lactic acid
80
define beta - oxidation ?
process of breaking down the fatty acid into acetyl coA
81
what is the chemical class of the hormone produced in pancreas ?
peptide
82
what are the four hormones prpduced by the pancreas?
insulin , glucagon , somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide
83
what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?
vasopressin and oxytocin
84
what hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
growth hormone
85
what kind of GLUT transporter does the liver use?
GLUT -2
86
what kind of GLUT transporter does the muscle cell use?
GLUT - 4
87
what kind of GLUT transporter does the adipocytes use ?
GLUT -4
88
feed back loop for decreased blood glucose
f
89
feedback loop for increased blood glucose
90
91
What is protein in the urine called?
Proteinuria
92
What is glucose in the urine called
Glycosuria

Human Phyisology Cuesta College Bio 205 (12 decks)

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