Unit 3 Lab Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Define cardiac cycle
A
The performance of the heart from beginning to end of a heart beat
2
Q
Define heart rate
A
A minute of how many times your heart beats
3
Q
Define systole
A
The contraction phase of the heart
4
Q
Define diastole
A
Ventricle filling, relaxed
5
Q
Define stroke volume
A
Amount of blood from the left ventricle
6
Q
Define cardiac output
A
Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given time
7
Q
Define systemic circulation
A
Oxygenated blood circulate the body
8
Q
Define pulmonary circulation
A
Gathering deoxygenated blood to be sent to the lungs to become oxygenated
9
Q
Define peripheral resistance
A
Resistance from blood vessels
10
Q
What are the five kororoff phases
A
11
Q
What are the target cells for altering heart rate? (Location and type of myocardial cells )
A
SA Node
Conducting cells
12
Q
What is the neurotransmitter released at the target cell of the sympathetic system
A
Norepinephrine
13
Q
Which specific receptors are found in the heart by Norepinephrine ?
A
Beta 1
14
Q
What is the neurotransmitter released at a target cell of the parasympathetic branch
A
Acetylcholine
15
Q
Which specific receptors are found in the heart for this neurotransmitter?
A
Muscarinic
16
Q
What are the target cells for altering stroke volume (location and type of myocardial cells
A
Left ventricle
Contracting cell
17
Q
What type of adrenergic receptor is is found on arterioles that stimulate smooth muscle contraction and vessel contraction
A
Alpha 1
18
Q
Which signal molecules bind to alpha 1 andrenergic receptor
A
Norepinephrine
19
Q
What signal molecule bind to alpha 1
A
Norepinephrine
20
Q
What type of signal molecule is norepinephrine
A
Monoamine
21
Q
What type of adrenergic receptor is found on arterioles that stimulate smooth muscle relaxation and dilation
A
Beta 2
22
Q
Which signal molecules bind to beta 2
A
Epinephrine
23
Q
What type of signal molecules is epinephrine? Where does it come from
A
Monoamine Neurohormone from adrenal medulla
24
Q
What is the primary integrating center for regulation of the cardiovascular system
A
Medulla oblongata
25
What are they called? Proteins or glycoprotein on the surface of a cell which can innitate an immune response
Antigen
26
What is the technical term for antibody?
Immunoglobulin
27
What is a allele
On of two or more possible forms of a gene coding for a specific characteristic
28
What is agglutination ?
If the wrong blood is transfused into a person the blood cells will clump
29
What is turbulent flow?
The first pulse sound that defines the systolic BP
30
Define laminar flow
When blood is basically flowing without disturbance and determines the diastolic pressure
31
What unit is blood pressure measured?
Millimeters of mercury
32
What units is heart rate measured in?
Beats Per Minute
33
What is the name of the cardiac cycle during contraction
Systole
34
What’s the name of the cardiac cycle when it’s relaxed, and refilling
Diastole
35
Define heart rate
The number of cardiac cycles per minute
36
Define hypertension
Excessively high blood pressure
37
What is a stethoscope
A tool used to listen into blood pressure for specific sounds of the heart
38
What does systolic mean
The high pressure measured during blood pressure monitoring
39
What is a sphygomomanometer
Instrument used to create pressure of bloood in the blood vessels
40
What is a korotkoff sound
The name of sounds heard while measuring blood pressure
41
Define agglutination
Blood cells clump if wrong blood type is administered to a person
42
To test negative or positive for something means that the specific trait or condition is absent
Negative
43
To test positive or negative for something means that a specific character trait or condition is present
Positive
44
What is the technical term for antibody
Immunoglobulin
45
Define antigen
Proteins or glycoproteins on the surface of a cell that stimulate a immune response
46
Define antigen
Proteins coded by your DNA , on cells as an ID tag
47
Define Antibody
“YShape proteins involved ⬆️ an immune response , produced by B lymphocytes
48
Define agglutination
Clumping of cells when antibodies attach to them
49
Define allele
One of two or more versions of a gene. Genes can be dominant or recessive
50
Define genotype
A description of the alleles inherited from parents
51
Define albumins
simple form of protein that is soluble in water contribute to plasma colloid osmotic pressure ( keeping fluid in a vascular space )
52
Define phenotype
Physical characteristics that results from a particular genotype
53
Define globulins
Clotting factors, enzymes , antibodies , carries for various substances
54
Define a lymphocyte
They produce specific immune responses directed against invaders
55
Define a monocyte
They are phagocytes that develop into macrophages and migrate into tissue
56
Define neutrophils
57
What antigen does type A blood have?
B ?
AB ?
O?
Blood A has A antigen
Blood B has B antigen
Blood AB has A+ B antigens
Type O has neither A or B antigens
58
Which blood types of dominant? Recessive?
A= B : dominat
O: recessive
59
In which component of blood are antibodies located in? Plasma or formed elements?
Plasma
60
What antigens does type A have?
B?
AB?
O?
A has B antigens
61
Define rhesus
Another important factor on erythrocytes that can elicit an immune response
62
Which Rhesus factor is dominant?
+ is dominant
- is recessive
63
Which blood type is the universal donor?
O type , it would not introduce set off any immune response
64
Which blood type is universal recipient
AB type, it has no antibodies to cause agglutination. No antigen are going to be foreign
65
What are the consequences of innorrect blood typing?
steps?
First : agglutination
Second : ischemia blood flow to tissues
Third : hypoxia occurs In all over the body
Fourth: necrosis occurs due to insufficient ATP to maintain homeostasis
66
If a father has a positive Rhesus and mother with negative Rhesus what will happen?
First pregnancy the mom won’t produce anti Rh antibodies until after giving birth the first time.
Everytime after the mom produced anti Rh antibodies . Therefore the second Rh+ fetus seen as foreign
67
What componentes are in formed elements
Erythrocytes, leukocytes& thrombocytes
68
Where are proteins and glucose found in blood?
Plasma
69
What subcategory do antibodies fall into for plasma proteins?
Globulins
70
Blood type is based on the presence of antigen on the cells
Red blood cells
71
When antibodies bind to antigens on red blood cells the cell will clump together. What is this called?
Agglutination
72
Someone with type A blood has these antibodies
Anti B antibodies
73
If tested for the Rh factor the blood cells will clump only if the blood is Rh ? Positives ? Negative?
Positive
74
The Rhfsxtor may only concern if the mother is Rh ? Negative? Positive?
Negative
75
What are the possible genotypes for someone with type B blood
(B,B) (O,B)
76
What is the name of the hormone that stimulates Red blood Blod Cell production?
Erythropoietin
77
Having low hemoglobin or red blood cell count is called?
Anemia
78
What is the functional unit of a kidney?
Nephron
79
What is the fluid that leaves the blood then moves through the functional unit of the kidney
Filtrate
80
Kidney affect what one major factor that affects blood pressure?
Total blood volume
81
What the proceeds of fluid and substances moving out of the glomerular capillaries and into the tubule
Filtration
82
What is the process of substances being taken from the nephron tubule and returned to the blood ?
Reabsorption
83
Urine is simply fluid removed from what major component of blood?
Plasma
84
What sensors are de ring when someone is dehydrated or overhydrated?
Osmoreceptors
85
Define excretion
Elimination of materials from the body (urinating)
86
Define micturition
Technical term for urinating
87
What are the organic molecules that get filtered out of the blood and become part of the filtrate?
Glucose, C02, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste, small proteins , Hco3- , lipids
88
What category of molecules in the plasma is prevented from passing through the glomerular filter
Plasma proteins
89
What are the functions of the urinalysis system?
- Water & electrolyte balance
- waste removal
- Ph regulation
- Red blood cell production
90
What is osmolatity ratio?
Miliosmoles / 1 L of H20
91
Which major component of blood (plasma vs formed elements / cellular components ) contains substances that are completely prevented from passing through the glomerular filter
Formed , cellular elements
92
Whats the normal range of mOsm
290-300
93
How much filtrate does the kidney produce?
180 L of filtrate
94
How many L is secreted from the body of the kidney a day?
1-2 Liters
95
Define obligatory Water Loss
The minimum volume that must be excreted to remove metabolic waste and maintain kidney function . On average 400 mL urine / day
96
What is normal pH in the body
7.35-7.45
Average is 7.4
97
Define osmotically active solute
Water moves across a membrane to a location with more solutes
98
What is the function of the kidneys?
Filter and process into filtrate of blood and urine
99
What is the bladder do?
Hold the urine until to find the bathroom
100
Function of the urethra?
Place where the urine exits
101
Function of the cortex in the kidney?
Destination where all filtering and most of the reabsorption occurs
102
Medullla function in the kidney?
High levels of solutes to ensure maximum water absorption
103
Nephrons function in kidney?
The functional unit of the kidney that is partially in the cortex and medulla. Their ducts collect urine into the renal pelvis
104
Renal pelvis function
Funnels urine into ureter
105
Uréter function in kidney?
Conducts urine to the bladder
106
Define filtration in the nephron
Random movement of water and small solutes. Nephron created clear -ish fluid in the nephron
107
What are the three major functions of the nephron?
Filtration , absorption, secretion
108
Define reabsoprtion
Returns solutes and water (good stuff) back into the blood from the filtrate as the body needs it
109
Where does filtration occur
Glomerulus capsule and bowman’s capsule to produce filtrate
110
Define secretion
The back up to the random filtration process.
It’s a selective removal of excess bad stuff through active transport into filtrate for disposal
111
Where is reabsorption occurring in the nephron?
Proximal tubule , loop of henle (ascending and descending) , distal tubule and collecting duct
112
Where does secretion occur in the nephron?
Proximal tubule , distal tubule & collecting duct
113
What does how much reabsoprtion takes place at the proximal tubule?
what substances are being absorbed?
65% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed here
Substance : water , ions organic molecules
114
What is reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of henle?
Water only
115
What is reabsorbed in the ascending limb?
Solutes only (ions) k , na , cl
116
What stimuli affect nephrons?
1. total blood volume
2. Blood osmolarity
3. pH
117
Define proteinuria / albuminuria
Substance present in urine
118
Define hematuria
Red blood cells in the urine
119
Define glycosuria
Glucose is found in the blood
120
What are the hormones affecting kidney function
Vasopressin , aldosterone and atrial natiuretic hormone
121
What does vasopressin do in the kidney?
Increase water reabsorption
122
What does aldosterone do in the kidney function
Increase sodium reabsorption & increase potassium secretion
123
What does atrial natriuretic hormone do in the kidney?
Reduced water and salt reabsoprtion
Increased water excretion
124
What 4 specific substances should not be in urine because they should not pass through the filter
1. Leukocytes
2. Erythrocytes
3. Small dissolved ions
4. Proteins
125
What 5 specific substances should be reabsorbed in the nephron
1. Ions
2. Amino acids
3. Water
4. Small proteins
5. Glucose
126
What are chemical classifications
Amino acids
Peptides
Steroids
127
What type of signal molecule is secreted from a endocrine cells into the blood
Hormone
128
What do target cells have what where they receive signal molecules will bind
Receptors
129
Epinephrine is this type of hormone (chemical class)
Amino acid
130
What organ produced the growth hormone
Pituitary gland
131
Hormones of this chemical class can have receptors inside the cell
Steroid
132
Hormone of this chemical class is produced by the adrenal cortex
Steroid
133
Insulin is what type of chemical class hormone?
Peptide
134
Reproductive hormones are part of what chemical class?
Steroid
135
What hormone is secreted by the heart ?
ANP ( Atrial Natriuetic peptide )
136
What hormone is produced by the pancreas has the opposite actions at target cells than insulin
Glucagon
137
What structure secrets vasopressin
Posterior pituitary gland
138
If water is being reabsorbed from the DESCENDING LIMB of the loop of henle what happens to the concentration from the top of the limb to the bottom
Concentration goes up
139
If ions are being reabsorbed from the ascending limb what happens to the concentration? From the filtrate from the bottom of the loop to the top
Concentration goes down
140
Which must move first - water from descending limb or ions from the ascending limb?
Ions , because it is osmotically active solute to draw in water
141
Define hematocrit
Ratio of erythrocytes to total blood volume
