Unit 3 Flashcards

(201 cards)

1
Q

What is the receiving area of a neuron

A

Dendrite

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2
Q

What is the entire middle section of the cell that contains a majority of the organelles

A

Cell body/soma

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3
Q

What is the center structure inside the cell where DNA is housed?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

Formation of several bundles of white material that are wrapped around a thin gray structure. The bundles function as an insulation. It spreads up a action potential

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5
Q

What part of a neuron is a specialized area of a neuron that generates action potentials when appropriate stimulated

A

Axon

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6
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

It act to autonomously or can be controlled by the CNS through the autonomic division of the PNS. Regulated digestive system.

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7
Q

Define sympathetic

A

The fight / flight mode

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8
Q

Define parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

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9
Q

Define efferent neurons

A

Involuntary control

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10
Q

Where are the voltage gated channels on a neuron?

A

On the axon

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11
Q

Where are the receptor channels on a neuron?

A

On the dendrites

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12
Q

Define a axon hillock

A

It is a thin , long gray cellular extension inside white bundles. This part of a neuron conducts or transmits action potentials from the cell body to where a neurotransmitter or neuromuscular it’s are released

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13
Q

What is an axon collateral?

A

When a axon splits off into multiple terminals

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14
Q

Define a pseudounipolar neuron

A

It have a single proceeds called the axon during the development the dendrite fuse with an axon

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15
Q

Define a interneuron

A

Have bits and pieces that communicate between one part of the brain to another part. Internal CNS communication

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16
Q

Define a bipolar neuron

A

Have two relatively equal fibers extending off the central cell body

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17
Q

Define anaxonic neuron

A

Have interneurons with no apparent axon

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18
Q

Define a oligodendrocytes

A

A specific cells to form a myelin sheath in the CNS. They wrap a few separate neurons with their arm like extensions

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19
Q

Define microglia cells

A

Modified immune cells. They act as scavangers during brain development. To remove excess neurons

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20
Q

Define astrocytes. What do they do

A

•They take up k+, water and neurotransmitters
•The secrete neurotrophicfactors
•They help form blood brain barrier , therefore provide substrates for ATP
• A source of neural stem cells like ependymal cells

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21
Q

Define neurotrophic

A

Neurogrowth

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22
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

They form a barrier between brain tissue and the ventricles.

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23
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS

A

Ependymal cell
Astrocyte
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

What are the PNS glial cells?

A

Satélite cell
Schwann cell (neurolemmocytes)

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25
What do satélite cells?
Protect cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
26
What is a Schwann cell (neurolemmacyte)
Form myelin sheaths and secrete neurotrophic factors
27
What voltage do neurons test at
~-70 mV
28
What type of channels on dendrites and cell body control ion permeability and allow for changes in a neuron membrane potential
Gated channels allow the neuron to go from resting to active state
29
If sodium and calcium in flux what is the intracellular charge
Depolarized
30
If sodium and calcium efflux what change in intracellular charge
Hyperpolarized
31
If chloride channel influx what is the change of intracellular charge?
Hyperpolarized
32
If chloride efflux what is the intracellular charge
Depolarize the cell
33
If potassium efflux what is the intracellular charge
Hyperpolarized , depolarized
34
What is a axon terminal
The bulbous end of a neuron where it interfaces with another cell by realeasing neurotransmitter or mueromodulators
35
What is the gap between two neurons?
Synaptic cleft
36
Define Central Nervous System
Division of the nervous system that consist of the brain and spinal cord only
37
Define peripheral nervous system
Branch in the nervous system that contains only sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent ) neurons
38
What type of nerves carry afferent signals only from the periphery to the central nervous system
Sensory nerves
39
What nerves only carry out efferent signals from the CNS out to skeletal muscles
Motor nerves
40
Nerves that carry both sensory and motor signals are called what?
Mixed nerves
41
What is the general type of cell that function as a unit in the nervous system
Neuron
42
What is a grade potential
The vary in strength and effect of a stimulus
43
What is a excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP’s)
Increase the likelihood that the neuron will generate its own AP. Small depolarization of the dendrites and soma body Sodium and calcium influx
44
What type of neuron contain all its components such as dendrites, soma, axon , axon terminal completely within the CNS to communicate from one side of the CNS to the other
Interneurons
45
Define glial cells
General kind of cell in the nervous system the support neurons and form insulation around their axons
46
What are nodes of ravier
Tiny gaps in the myelin sheath
47
What is an action potential?
A all or nothing phenomenon that transmits an electrical signal down the axon. A rapid change in membrane potential
48
What is a inhibitory post synaptic
hyper-polarization / repolarization of the dendrites or the soma Potassium efflux or chloride influx
49
What is threshold voltage
The sum of all graded potentials at the axon hillock surpasses a particular membrane potential. The neuron will fire a AP
50
What is the milivolts an action potential be generated by a typical neuron
-55 mg
51
Define absolute refract period
When a neuron generates its own action potential how ever it cannot send a second Action Potential no matter how much additional stimulation it receives
52
When a neuron depolarizes causing an action potential this is due to the influx of what ions
Na+ , ca2+
53
During depolarization of an action potential, which ion channels will be slow to open and achieve maximum permeability just after the membrane reaches maximum potential
K+
54
Since potassium is slow to open and close what phase do the contribute (depolarization, hyper-polarization, repolarization ) when the cells membrane potential dips below its resting level
Hyperpolarization
55
Define relative refracting period
When a neuron membrane potential slowly returns to a resting level from a Hyperpolarized state, it CAN fire a second action potential IF the stimulus is larger than normal
56
What is saltatory conduction
The description of an Action Potential moving rapidly down a myelinated axon
57
What is the general category of neurotransmitter that includes noreepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and histamine
Amines
58
This general neurotransmitter category includes adenosine
Purines
59
This is the only gas that is shown as a neurotransmitter
Nitric oxide
60
What is the specific neurotransmitter / signal molecule that has two types of receptors nicotinic and muscarinic
Acetylcholine
61
Many antipsychotic drugs are antagonists for this neurotransmitter. Drugs of abuse are also typically agonist of this neurotransmitter
Dopamine
62
Molecules such as glutamate, GABA, glycine belong to this general family of neurotransmitter
Amino Acids
63
Curare and alpha bungartoxin will block the action of these acetylcholine receptors so avoid be shot by poison darts
Nicotinic
64
Atropine will Block the action of acetylcholine receptors. This is why atropine is used to elevate heart rate during anestesia 
Muscarinic
65
What is GABA
GABA : gamma aminobuytric acid. Alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines potentials the effects of this neurotransmitters
66
What neurons control the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle many glands and some adipose tissue?
Autonomic neurons
67
What is the name for the efferent peripheral nervous system neurons always control skeletal muscles
Somatic motor neuron
68
What autonomic neurons is dominant in stressful or active situations and is often linked to the “fight or flight” response
Sympathetic branch
69
What branch in the autonomic nervous system is more active if you are resting quietly after a meal or during the quiet activities of day to day living. Aka “rest & digest”
Parasympathetic branch
70
All autonomic neural circuits consist of two neurons connected in series between the CNS and the effector. The first neuron has its cell body within the CNS
Pregangolinc neuron
71
What neurotransmitter is secreted by pre- gangolic neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
72
The next neuron in circuit has its cell body out side the CNS and projects to an effector organ or target tissue
Post ganglionic neuron
73
What neurotransmitter is secreted by post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system onto effector cells
Noreepinephrine
74
What neurotransmitter is secreted by post gangolinic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system on effector cells
Acetylcholine
75
What is the adrenal medulla
It contains chromaffin cells and are modified post-gangolinic sympathetic neurons that secrete their neuron prime into the blood stream
76
What neurohormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla / chromaffin cells
Epinephrine
77
Pregangolinic Neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system release, acetylene onto what type of receptors on the postganglionic neurons
NN nicotinic receptors
78
Somatic motor neurons always release acetylcholine onto what type of receptors? They are located on the motor and plates of skeletal muscle cells.
NM nicotinic receptors
79
What kind of receptors are NM & NN nicotinic receptors
Cholinergic channels, always excitatory
80
Postgangolinic parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine onto their target cells. However what type of receptors accept acetylcholine
Muscarinic receptors
81
What kind of receptor is muscarinic receptor?
In the category of Cholinergic receptor but also G-protein coupled receptor (they can be excitatory or inhibitory
82
What subtype of adrenergic receptors is more sensitive to epinephrine than norepinephrine? It is found in certain blood vessels and smooth muscle organs
Beta-2
83
What sub-type Of adrenergic receptor has a higher affinity for norepinephrine? They are found in the digestive tract and pancreas
Alpha -2
84
What subtype of adrenergic receptor is sensitive to norepinephrine and found in adipose tissue.
Beta-3
85
What subtype of adrenergic receptors equally bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine and found on the heart and kidneys
Beta-1
86
What subtype of adrenergic receptor has a higher affinity for norepinephrine and is common in sympathetic target tissues
Alpha-1
87
What kind of receptor are the adrenergic receptors?
G-protein coupled receptor
88
Input from what nervous system to the lungs were well results and airway, dilation to More air into the lungs during times of physical or emotional stress
Sympathetic nervous system
89
Input from what nervous system causes beonchiole constrictions because demand on the lungs is less during times of rest
Parasympathetic nervous system
90
Heart rate and contraction force are increased by what nervous system? It signals to increase delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the body and times of stress.
Sympathetic
91
Signaling by what nervous system decreases heart rate during times of rest
Parasympathetic nervous system
92
The control of bronchiole diameter, and a heart rate use input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. These are both prime examples of what control system.
Antagonistic
93
What nervous system takes input to the adrenal medulla and increase the secretion of catecholamines such as epinephrine into the blood
Sympathetic nervous system
94
What nervous system will increase fat breakdown to mobilize energy stores for increased cellular respiration
Sympathetic nervous system
95
What nervous system to the kidney will increase rennin secretion which is very important for the retention of Na+ and elevation of blood pressure
Sympathetic nervous system
96
Only one branch control autonomic nervous system on target tissue function. The amount signaling by one system determines what the defector organ actually does. What type of control system?
Tonic
97
When pupils dilate to bring more light in the eyes what type of nervous system takes over
Sympathetic nervous system
98
When the pupils receive input to construct back to their baseline diameter and receive less light into light. What nervous system takes hold
Parasympathetic nervous system
99
What nervous system decreases digestive motility and secretion
Sympathetic nervous system
100
What nervous system increase digestive motility and secretion
Parasympathetic nervous system
101
What type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart.
Cardiac muscle tissue
102
What type of muscle tissue is found on internal organs and tubes like the stomach, urinary bladder and blood vessels
Smooth muscle tissue
103
What type of muscle is attached to bones and allows movement
Skeletal muscle
104
When a muscle contract it describes bringing two bones closer to one another
Flexor
105
When moving skeletal muscle this is the description of moving two bone away from one another
Extensor
106
What attached a skeletal muscle to bone
Tendon
107
What is the name for a bundle of muscle fibers
Fascicle
108
What does connective tissue do for the muscle
There are two layers that surround and protect the entire muscle!
109
What is the name for a single functional unit of a whole muscle
Skeletal muscle cell (fiber )
110
What is the specific term for the muscle cell plasma membrane?
Sarcolemma
111
What area on a skeletal muscle are tunnels that penetrate deep into the skeletal muscle cell. This allows action potentials to activate all scarmeres simultaneously
T-tubules
112
Which organelle in a muscle cell provides a majority of the chemical energy needed for muscle contraction
Mitochondria
113
What is a bundle of thick and thin filaments
Myofibril
114
What intracellular organelle releases Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasm when the muscle cells is activated by an action potential
Sarcoplamsic reticulum
115
What type of muscle fibers are most resistant to fatigue, largely, because they have a lot of mitochondria, dense, capillaries, and get their ATP from oxidative and aerobic respiration
Slow twitch oxidative
116
What type of muscle fibers make up White muscle, are quick to twitch, but are also easily fatigued
Fast twitch glycolic
117
What muscle fibers make up red muscle and get that color due to large stores of protein, myoglobin, which stores access oxygen for long-term use
Slow twitch oxidative
118
What type of muscle fibers can be thought of as a hybrid between those that develop maximum tension, the fastest, and those that develop maximum tension the slowest
Fast twitch oxidative, glycolic
119
What type of muscle fibers has a least mitochondria and the lowest capillary density?
Fast twitch glycolic
120
What type of muscle cells are largely fatigue resistant and I used for standing and walking
Fast twitch oxidative glycolic
121
Suprathreshold
Supra:above, action potential will be started at the axon hillock
122
Subthreshold
Sub: below, no action potential is generated at the axon hillock
123
Define spatial summation
Multiple signals that converge to make a signal. Can be excitatory and / inhibitory signals
124
Define temporal summation
When sub threshold potential happen when they are imitated close to tether to make a bigger potential or separate potentials
125
Muscle contraction process map
• somatic motor neuron axon ( influx of • calcium ( that causes an exocytosis of • acetylcholine ( to the • nicotonic receptor ( that is • chemically gated channels ( in the • motor end plate ( with a • sodium influx & potassium efflux ( occur & depolarizes • end plate potential (That causes the • action potential ( to move along the • sarcolemma ( to the • transverse tubules ( where the action potential triggers • dibydropydridine voltage sensitive gated channels ( that are connected to • ryanodine channels ( that release • calcium (From the • sarcoplasmic reticulum (To the • terminal cisternae ( to go to the • thin filament ( where ca2+ bind to • tropinin ( and moves tropomyosin • tropomyosin ( for the myosin to attach to • actin ( thick filament aka myosin • power generated (To cause relaxation • somatic motor neuron ( stop releasing • ACH ( which causes • ca ( to be removed from the toponin • ATP ( causes the ca to return back to the • sarcoplasmic reticulum
126
Define propagation conduction
Slow Action potential along non-myelinated axons Na influx and as the AP pass down K influxes
127
Saltatory conduction
Fast conduction. Action potential along myelinated axons Myelinated sheath have little loss of electrical current because of insulation
128
What is refractory period
It prevents backward conduction
129
Steps of Action potentials :all or non signal generated by neurons
1. Resting membrane potential 2. Depolarize stimulus 3. Membrane depolarizes to threshold voltage gated na+ & k+ channels begin to open 4. Rapid Na+ influx to depolarizes cell 5. Na+ channels and k+ channels are fully open 6.K+ efflux 7.K+ channels remain open and more k+ efflux hyperpolarize 8. Voltage gated k+ channels close , less k+ leaks out of the cell 9. Cell return to resting ion permeability and tlresting membrane potential
130
What are the theee phases of the action potentials in a neurons. In order to
Depolarization phase Repolarization phase Hyper polarization phase
131
Voltages gated sodium channels have two channels (explain)
Sodium influx is turned off because it has two channels . They have an activation gate and inactivation gate. During RMP Activation gate is closed and inactivation gate is open When a neuron reaches Supra threshold = stimulated the activation gate is open Small amount of Na+ influxes through the voltage gated Na channel and the neurons starts to depolarizes After 0.5 seconds inactivation gate closes After activation gate is open and inactivation gate closes both gates will return to their original positions after a few miliseconds
132
Describe voltage gated K+ channels
They have one gate and are slow to open and closed. They open during threshold They don’t fully open until peak depolarization Channels slowly close during re polarization phases and hyperpolarization phases
133
What is the list of peptide neuroscience
Vasopressin , oxytocin , substance P and opioid peptides
134
What is the list of purine neurosciences
Adenosine , AMP ATP
135
What is the list of gas neurosciences
NO & CO
136
What is substance P and opioid peptides like endorphins and enkephalins
Part of the pain perception and pain suppression pathway in the nervous system
137
What is vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone )
Part of the water balance story we learn in unit 5
138
What is oxytocin
It’s involved in child birth that stimulate terrine contractions & lactation in females alone with social bonding and sexual attraction in males and females
139
What is NO & CO
The my stimulate vasodilation to bring more nutrients and increase waste pick up from hard working neurons
140
Define relative refractory period
When only a larger than normal stimulus can stimulate a new action potential
141
What is multiple sclerosis
Immune disorder that degenerates myelin causing bad communication and loss of strength to generate AP
142
Pre-synaptic cell
Action potential arrived at the axon —> voltage ca channels open causing calcium influx to trigger exocytosis of neuroscience signal molecules
143
Post synaptic cell
It is the target cell, that have receptor for neuroscience secreted onto it
144
How does signal molecule stop
There are various mechanisms such as reputable or removed by glial cells Or Inactivstion enzyme Or diffusion from the site
145
What drugs is used to treat mental illness
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
146
What are the seven classes of neurocrines?
GLAAMP GASES LIPIDS ACETYLCHOLINE AMINO ACIDS MONOAMINES PEPTIDES
147
Tell me about ACH
It’s both a neurotransmitter and meuromodulator in the CNS excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle Used by parasympathetic branch of ANS to control body organs It’s formed by acetyl CoA and choline
148
What forms Acetylcholine
Acetyl CoA and choline
149
Is acetylcholine always an excitatory neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle?
Yes
150
What receptors bind to acetylcholine
Cholinergic receptors
151
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors that bind to acetylcholine
Nicotinic receptors and muscsrinic receptors
152
Function, where and important line of nicotinic receptor
Located in skeletal muscle in PNS and CNS AKA ionotropic channels
153
Function , where and importance of Muscarinic receptors
They will either excitatory or inhibit depending on cellular cascade AKA metabotropic Are G-protein coupled receptors Located in CNS and PNS
154
What’s the life cycle of acetylcholine
155
What is amines?
It’s a neruocrine derived from a single amino acid It’s involved with sympathetic neurocrines Involve catecholamines which houses : epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
156
What is epinephrine
A neurohormone that’s secreted from adreneegic neurons called chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla
157
What do chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine
158
What is norepinephrine?
A neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that’s secreted by adrenergic neurons. It also acts of a neurohormone when secreted from the adrenal medulla
159
What are adrenergic receptor. What are the two sub categories?
They are the receptors that bind to epinephrine or norepinephrine. They are G-protein coupled receptors meaning they will either excite or inhibit intracellular cascade There’s alpha and beta receptors
160
What adrenergic receptor bind to norepinephrine only
Alpha 1,2 & beta 3
161
What adrenergic receptor binds to epinephrine only
Beta 2
162
What adrenergic receptors bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine
Beta 1
163
What do adenosine AMP and ATP function
Important neurocrines in sleep/wake cycles of attention
164
What are the two branches of autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and sympathetic They are part of the efferent pathway
165
What are the body parts that use tonic control?
ALASKA arterioles Lymph nodes Adipose Sweat glands Kidney Adrenal medulla
166
What’s the sub category autonomic reflex for integration centers
Hypothalamus Medulla oblongata Pons
167
What does the hypothalamus do?
Control temperature, water balance and hunger
168
What does the médula oblongata do?
Cardiovascular Respiration Vomiting Swallowing
169
What does the Pons do?
Secondary respiratory control
170
What signal molecule does the sympathetic pathway use?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine. That binds to adrenergric receptors
171
What autonomic efferent pathway only uses acetylcholine
Parasympathetic bind to muscarinic receptors
172
What is autonomic ganglia
A junction between the preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron
173
What receptor allows acetylcholine to bind
Muscarinic
174
Chromaffin cells create what signal molecule
Epinephrine
175
Where do chromaffin cells come from
Adrenal medulla
176
What the process map of sympathetic pathway from spinal cord to heart?
• preganglinc neuron send • ACH to • Autonomic ganglia • ACH accepted by Nn receptor • post ganglionic neuron sends Norepinephrine • NE binds to adrenergic receptor
177
What’s the process map for kidney?
• Ganglionic neuron sends ACH to • Nn receptor • chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla make epinephrine • epinephrine is sent into the blood stream
178
Give proceeds map for somatic motor neuron
Neuron sends ACH to attach to Nm skeletal muscles
179
What are varicosity
Hold neurotransmitters to be realsed over the surface of target cells
180
What inactivated ACH?
Acetylocholinesterase (AChE)
181
What is the A band
Area where thick filament and thin filament overlap
182
Which runs down the middle of the sarcomere?
M line
183
What is Tutin?
Stabilizes the thick filament. It bind from the Z - disk through the thick filament that connect to the M line
184
Which one only contains thin filaments in a relaxed muscle
I band
185
What is a sarcomere
The section of a myofibril from Z dick to Z disk
186
Which contains only thick filaments in a relaxed muscle?
H zone
187
Which one is the length of the thick filament and also defines the area where thick and thin filament overlap?
A band
188
What is nebulin
Arranges the thin filament in the sarcomere to be stabilized and parallel to the thick filament
189
What is ATP hydrolysis in regards to myosin
When ATP breaks down into ADP + Pi & energy . In case of myosin it uses the energy to perform a power stroke
190
What is G actin
The monomer of actin chain
191
What is F actin
A polymer of the connection of G actin
192
What is tropomyosin
A long strand of protein that physically covers active sites on the actin relaxed muscle. It’s attached to troponin
193
What is the name of the proceeds when the myosin head told after attaching to actin
194
Which proteins bind to active site on actin
Myosin
195
Give a story of” the contraction “ of protein interaction
• myosin cross bridge bind to nearest actin (Has just finished a power stroke • ATP ( binds to myosin and loses affinity to • actin (Now • myosin (Will • hydrolysis ATP ( cause the myosin head to be in a • cocked position ( AKA • recovery stroke (Causing the myosin to bind • weakly (Next • ca2+ signal (from sarcoplasmic reticulum) (Will allow • ADP disassociates •
196
Protein interaction : the contraction story
1. Myosin bind ATP and detached from actin active site 2. Myosin- ATPase activites : ATP —> ADP + Pi + energy 3. That energy is used to cock the myosin head to store potential energy (If the actin site is still uncovered when ca is still present 4. Myosin binds tightly to actin 5. Inorganic phosphate is released from motion head 6. Power stroke occurs 7. ADP is released from myosin head
197
What is a recovery stroke
The muscle relaxing
198
How does a smooth muscle contract?
1. A voltage or chemical gate allows Ca influx 2. The influxed Ca stimulates the SR causing calcium induced calcium 3. Calcium from SR binds to (CaM) calmodulin 4. Ca-CaM activates the (MLCK) myosin light chain kinase 5. MLCK phosphate in the myosin head taking ATP —> ADP + P 6. Active myosin cross bridges slides along actin and create muscle tension
199
How does a smooth muscle relax?
1. Left over Ca is either pumped back into the SR (use ATP ) or out of the cell (while sodium influxes) 2. Ca unbinds from calmodulin causing MLCK activity to decrease 3. Myosin phosphate removes phosphate from MLCP that decreases myosin ATPase activity 4. Smooth muscle relaxes due to less power stroking
200
Define slow axonal transport
It’s passive that moves vesicles 0.2-2.5 mm/ day
201
Define fast axonal transport
It’s active and uses ATP. Moved 400 mm/day