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Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Acellular

A

Is life that exists without a cellular structure for at least part of its life cycle.

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2
Q

Capsid

A

A three-dimensional proteinaceous capsular shell around a virus that encloses the viral genetic material.

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3
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites

A

Intracellular parasites are microparasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host.

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4
Q

Capsomeres

A

Tiny subunits that make up the protein coat.

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5
Q

Naked Viruses

A

A virus lacking the viral envelope. Pertain to those that only have nucleocapsid.

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6
Q

Adhesins

A

Is typically a type of bacterial protein that mediates bacterial adherence to host cell surface receptors, membrane of extracellular matrix for successful colonization and host cell invasion.

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7
Q

Attachment

A

Happens when a viral particle’s exterior comes in contact with a specific structure on the host cell.

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8
Q

Entry

A

Sometimes known as penetration and uncoating, is when the viral particle goes into the host cell.

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9
Q

Assembly

A

Is the phase where those components are built into new virions (viral particles)

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10
Q

Release

A

After a lot of synthesis and assembly, the cell’s own resources become depleted.

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11
Q

Adsorption

A

The accumulation or concentration of molecules of a gas or liquid on a surface in contact with the gas or liquid, resulting in a relatively high concentration of the gas or solution at the surface.

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12
Q

Penetration

A

The act of piercing or entering deeply.

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13
Q

Uncoating

A

A process in which the viral capsid of a virus is removed, leading to the release of the viral genomic nucleic acid.

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14
Q

Synthesis

A

After a virus inserts its genetic material to the host cell, it takes over the cell’s machinery for synthesis of viral components.

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15
Q

Virions

A

An entire virus particle consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid

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16
Q

Bursting

A

Is an extremely diverse general phenomenon of the activation patterns of neurons in the central nervous system and spinal cord where periods of rapid action potential spiking are followed by quiescent periods much longer than typical inter-spike intervals.

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17
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria an archaea.

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18
Q

Plaque

A

A clear area on an otherwise opaque field of bacteria that indicates the inhibition or dissolution of the bacterial cells by some agent, either a virus or an antibiotic.

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19
Q

Lytic cycle Bacteriophage T4

A

Attachment: Tail fibers stick to LPS on outer membrane.

Entry: Phage releases lysozyme.
Synthesis: Viral proteins made- head capsomeres, tail proteins, Lysozyme, Bacterial chromosome degraded.

Assembly: Doesn’t appear to require enzymes

Release: Lysozyme continues to degraded cell walls. When the wall is destroyed, newly-formed viruses burst out of the cell.

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20
Q

Lysozyme

A

Naturally occurring enzyme found in bodily secretions such as tears, saliva, and milk.

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21
Q

Lytic virus

A

Involves a virus taking control of a host cell and using it to produce its viral progeny, killing the host in the process.

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22
Q

Lytic

A

The reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell.

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23
Q

Lysogenic

A

A viral reproductive stage where the virus’s DNA is replicated using the host cell’s DNA.

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24
Q

Prophage

A

A genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell.

25
Q

Bacteriophage Lambda

A

Attachment: Molecules at the end of tail attach to a protein embedded in the E. coli outer membrane

Entry: dsDNA is injected into E.coli, viral genome is incorporated into E. coli chromosome.

26
Q

Lysogeny

A

Type of life cycle that takes place when a bacteriophage infects certain types of bacteria.

27
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

A

A small, non-enveloped deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that infects skin or mucosal cells.

28
Q

Latent virus

A

When a virus is present in the body but exists in a resting (latent) state without producing more virus.

29
Q

Oncogenic

A

Mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

30
Q

Negative-Sense

A

The other strand of the double-stranded DNA molecule.

31
Q

Positive-Sense

A

Signifies that a particular into viral proteins.

32
Q

RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase

A

One of the most versatile enzymes of RNA viruses that is indispensable for replicating the genome as well as for carrying out transcription.

33
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

Small changes (or mutations) in the genes of influenza viruses that can lead to changes in the surface proteins of the virus, HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase)

34
Q

Antigenic shift

A

An abrupt, major change in a flue A virus, resulting in new HA and/or new HA and NA proteins in flu viruses that infect humans.

35
Q

Retroviruses

A

A virus that uses RNA as its genomic material.

36
Q

Reverse transcribe

A

The synthesis of DNA from an RNA template.

37
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single- stranded RNA into DNA.

38
Q

Integrase

A

The viral enzyme that catalyzes the integration of virally derived DNA into the host cell DNA in the nucleus.

39
Q

Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

A virus that attacks the body’s immune system.

40
Q

Antiretroviral therapy

A

Treatment of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using anti-HIV drugs.

41
Q

Helical

A

A type of smooth space curve with tangent lines at a constant angle to a fixed axis.

42
Q

Polyhedral

A

Nucleic acid encased in polyhedral (many sided) shell or capsid, which is commonly shaped like an icosahedron.

43
Q

Complex

A

A group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear.

44
Q

Envelope

A

A combination of the cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane if it is present.

45
Q

What is the history of viruses?

A

in 1800’s bacteria were the smallest known pathogens. The Pasteur institute used porcelain filters to separate bacteria from liquids. In 1892, a Russian scientist was studying tobacco Mosaic Disease.

46
Q

What is the Taxonomy?

A

Virus taxonomy is virology subspecialty that addresses the grouping (classification) of viruses (physical entities) into categories (concepts) called taxa and the development and implementation of a standardized system of naming (nomenclature) for taxa.

47
Q

What is the nomenclature of viruses?

A

families are named with suffix -viridae. Subfamilies have the suffix -virinae; genera the suffix -virus

48
Q

What are the general characteristics of viruses?

A

They are small, have DNA or RNA genomes, and are obligate intracellular parasites.

49
Q

What are the general structures of viruses?

A

The virion consists of a single molecule of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, the capsid; the capsid and its enclosed nucleic acid together constitute the nucleocapsid.

50
Q

Describe the process of viral replication.

A

Viruses do not reproduce, they are replicates. This involves five stages: Attachment, Entry, synthesis, Assembly, and Release. When viral replication occurs, viral numbers increase in a large burst, rather than by a steady increase.

51
Q

Explain the Lytic cycle?

A

involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses; the viruses then burst out of the cell.

52
Q

Explain the lysogenic viral cycles?

A

involved the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within.

53
Q

Differentiate between animal and bacterial viruses.

A

Animal viruses, unlike the viruses of plants and bacteria, do not have to penetrate a cell wall to gain access to the host cell. The virus may even induce the host cell to cooperate in the infection process. Non-enveloped or “naked” animal viruses may enter cells in two different ways.

54
Q

Understand how genome type can affect synthesis and assembly of animal viruses.

A

The genome type of animal viruses can affect their synthesis and assembly process. Different genome types, such a DNA or RNA, require specific enzymes and cellular machinery for replication and protein synthesis. This influences how the virus replicates and assembles inside host cells.

55
Q

Describe viral disease.

A

Illnesses you get from tiny organisms that use your cells to make more copies of themselves.

56
Q

Describe the genetics

A

They’re a small piece of genetic information (DNA or RNA) inside of a protective shell (capsid).

57
Q

Process of infection

A

1) implantation of virus at the portal of entry.
2)Local replication
3) Spread to target organs (disease sites)
4)Spread to sites of shedding of virus into the environment.

58
Q

What are the challenges in treatment?

A

Some antibiotics do not work for viral infections.

59
Q

Name the three capsid shapes?

A

1) Helical
2)Icosahedral
3) Complex

Microbiology (16 decks)

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