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Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Sterilization

A

Removes all living things from an environment, including bacteria, protists and viruses.

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2
Q

Decontamination (Sanitization)

A

Is the removal of vegetative cells and other potentially hazardous materials from a non- biological surface.

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

Is the destruction of vegetative (aka active) organisms from a surface.

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4
Q

Antisepsis (Degermation)

A

Is like decontamination, but on biological surfaces, Less-hazardous chemicals used.

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5
Q

Microbicidal (Bactericidal)

A

methods actually kill the microbes
(-cide=kill)

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6
Q

Microbiostatic (Bacteriostatic)

A

methods stop the microbes without killing them
-(Static= in stasis= not doing anything)

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7
Q

Incineration

A

Given enough dry heat, cells will completely oxidize, turning to ash

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8
Q

Heat

A

The primary physical method of control of microorganisms is the use.

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9
Q

Dry heat

A

Hydrates the cell

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10
Q

Moist heat

A

Can cause proteins to denature

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11
Q

Denature

A

The unfolding or breaking up of a protein, modifying its standard three-dimensional structure.

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12
Q

Boiling

A

is a good method for disinfection of water (or surfaces that can tolerate being submerged in water)

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13
Q

Pasteurization

A

Uses less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling

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14
Q

Autoclaving

A

uses high pressure to raise the steam point of water, meaning steam can exist at 121C and kill more (ideally ALL) things, including endospores.

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15
Q

Hot-air ovens

A

usually use gas or electrical coils to heat the air inside them above the temperatures that steam can reach (150-200C), Desiccating the organisms inside.

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16
Q

Cold

A

temperatures can be bacteriostatic, stopping organisms from growing or metabolizing

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17
Q

Lyophilization

A

Cold along with drying can be used to ‘freeze- dry’ cells which can keep them alive long-term.

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18
Q

Radiation

A

uses electromagnetic waves to damage cellular components

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19
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Creates charged particles in the cell, damaging it all over the place.

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20
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

Creates mutations in the DNA

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21
Q

Halogens (Chemical controls)

A

are elements found in Group 17 of the periodic table

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21
Q

Thymine Dimers

A

Form where two thymine bases are next to each other, creating a covalent bond between them)

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21
Q

Chlorine

A

Two major halogens are used as part of chemical control

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21
Q

Oxidizing agents (Chemical controls)

A

are chemical compounds that are highly electronegative and are able to steal electrons from other compounds

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21
Iodine
Two major halogens are used as part of chemical control
22
Alcohols (chemical controls)
Generally short carbon molecules containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group
22
Phenol
is a benzene rings with a hydroxyl on it
23
Heavy metals (Chemical controls)
Compounds containing metals such as mercury and silver.
24
Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Sterilization
Medical equipment that goes into the body. Growth media that needs to have pure cultures.
25
Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Decontamination (santiziation)
Scrubbing with soap and hot water to break up debris on cooking utensils. .
26
Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Disinfection
Bleaching an examination table between patients to make sure any residual microbes are dead.
27
Describe the factors that would influence the preferred method for microbial control: Antisepsis (degermation)
Hand washing with soap and hot water. Swabbing skin with alcohol before a blood draw.
28
Describe 'dry' methods for physical control, including mechanism of action and the reasoning for using them
1) Dry heat: hydrate the cell -Incineration: Given enough dry heat, cells will completely oxidize, turning to ash. -Hot-air ovens: usually uses gas or electrical coils to heat the air inside them above the temperatures that steam can reach, Desiccating the organisms inside. -Lyophilization: Cold along with drying can be used to ‘freeze dry’ cells which can keep them alive long-term.
29
Describe 'wet' methods for physical control, including their mechanism of action and the reasoning for using them.
2) Moist heat: Can cause proteins to denature -Boiling: Is a good method for disinfection of water. -Pasteurization: Uses less-than-boiling heat to partially disinfect liquids that would be damaged by boiling. -Autoclaving: Uses high pressure to raise the steam point of water, meaning steam can exist at 121C and kill more things, including endospores.
30
Describe the different 'classes' of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Halogen!
-Halogens: elements found in group 17 of the periodic table -Ex: bleach and Iodine -Targets: All living cells are susceptible, endospores can be killed with long exposure.
31
Describe the different 'classes' of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Oxidizing Agents
-Oxidizing Agents: Chemical compounds that are highly electronegative and are able to steal electrons from other compounds. -Ex: Hydrogen peroxide -Targets: Endospores and living cells (That are not catalase-positive)
32
Describe the different 'classes' of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Phenolic compounds
-Phenolic compounds: Aromatic compounds usually containing at least a hydroxyl group. -Ex: Triclosan and Triclocarban -Targets: Some bacteria (though there are some that are resistant), fungi, and viruses
33
Describe the different 'classes' of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Alcohol
-Alcohol: Generally short carbon molecules containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group. -Ex: Ethanol and isopropanol -Targets: Most bacteria, fungi, and viruses
34
Describe the different 'classes' of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Heavy metals
-Heavy metals: Compounds containing metals such as mercury and silver -Ex: silver nitrate (AgNO3) -Targets: Some bacteria, fungi, and viruses
35
Describe the different 'classes' of chemical controls, their targets in the cell, and provide examples: Detergents
-Detergents: Usually amphipathic molecules that can react with the surface of the cell but also with the hydrophobic regions of the cell membrane -Ex: Quaternary ammonium and sodium lauryl -Targets: Certain bacteria and fungi. Some (like mycobacterium) are innately protected from it. Enveloped viruses.
36
What kind of chemical control is this? and can you name the chemical?
Halogens and its chlorine.
37
What kind of chemical control does hydrogen peroxide belong too?
Oxidizing agent.
38
This chemical used to be in soaps and belongs to which chemical control group?
Triclosan and phenolic compounds.
39
which chemical control belongs to isopropanol?
Alcohols
40
Which chemical control does this belong too?
Heavy metal
41
Which chemical group does this belong too and what is the name of the product?
Detergents and Sodium Lauryl
42
True or false: Sterilization does get rid of endospores.
True
43
True or false: Sterilization is only used to get rid of dormant cells.
False, sterilization gets rid of EVERYTHING, so that nothing stays alive.
44
True or false: Decontamination is only critical to the environment.
False, decontamination is in food processing environment, breweries, wineries, dairies, and as well as clinical environments.
45
What can you use to remove vegetative cells and other potential hazardous materials from a non-biological surface?
Scrubbing with soap and hot water to break up debris on cooking utensils.
46
What is the goal of decontamination?
That goal is not to remove all life but to create a safe environment.
47
True or false: Disinfection is usually a chemical process, rather than a physical one.
True.
48
Does disinfection remove or kills cells?
Disinfection only kills them.
49
True or false: antisepsis we can use cold water and soap before a blood draw.
False, We would need to wash our hands with hot water and use alcohol wipes for blood draws.
50
Which on is to kill and which one is to do nothing. bactericidal and bacteriostatic
Bactericidal is to kill the microbes. Bacteriostatic is to stop without killing.
51
What are the functions of bleach?
Reacts with water to create hypochlorous Acid, HOCl.
52
What are the functions of Iodine?
Sometimes as I2, sometimes as a complex with alcohol.
53
what are the functions of Hydrogen peroxide?
This can form free radicals (OH-) which can react with many compounds in the cell, including DNA.
54
What are the functions of Triclosan and Triclocarban?
Used in antibacterial soaps. Disrupt cell walls, cell membranes, and protein.
55
What are the functions of Ethanol and isopropanol?
At high concentration(>50%), these can dissolve cell membranes, disrupt cell surface tension, and compromise cell structure.
56
What are the functions of Silver nitrate?
Heavy metal antiseptics tend to react with specific functional groups in proteins and disrupt their functions.
57
What are Quaternary Ammonium?
This is a positively charged ion that disrupts cell membranes.
58
What are the functions of Sodium Lauryl?
This is a negatively charged ionic compound that also acts as a surfactant (which disrupts membrane surface tension).

Microbiology (16 decks)

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