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Microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial

A

Is any compound that can be used to kill or prevent the growth of one or more microorganism.

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2
Q

antibiotics

A

Which specifically target bacteria

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3
Q

Antifungal

A

Which specifically target fungi

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4
Q

Anthelminthics

A

Which specifically target worms

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5
Q

Antiprotozoans

A

Which specifically target parasitic protists

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6
Q

Antimicrobial chemotherapy

A

To administer a drug that will target the infectious organism without harming the host.

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7
Q

Synthetic

A

Drugs are made in a lab to mimic natural antimicrobials

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8
Q

Semisynthetic

A

Drugs are made by chemically modifying naturally occurring compounds.

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9
Q

Kirby-Bauer technique

A

Bacteria are spread on a general-purpose media, then premeasured amounts of antibiotics are placed on the media.

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10
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

This is the space around the disc where the organism did not grow.

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11
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

By adding varying amounts of an antimicrobial to different both cultures, you can determine. For a particular organism antimicrobial pairing.

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12
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

Is the ratio of how toxic to humans compared to the minimum effective dose.

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13
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

A

Are those that have a wide range of targets.

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14
Q

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics

A

Are those that target a small range of organisms.

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15
Q

ABX

A

Antibiotics

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16
Q

Beta-Lactams

A

Are a class antibiotics that specifically target the process of cell wall synthesis and repair.

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17
Q

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)

A

They are bound by penicillin and other beta-lactams.

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18
Q

Penicillin

A

This is an antibiotic isolated from fungi of the genus penicillium.

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19
Q

Clavulanic acid

A

This increases the efficacy of penicillin’s in bacteria that are natural resistant.

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20
Q

Clavamox

A

A common drug cocktail, which is a combination of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin.

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21
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Are sometimes classified by ‘generation’ based on their discovery timeline.

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22
Q

Bacitracin

A

Is a commonly-used drug that can treat skin infections.

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23
Q

Vanomycin

A

Targets staphylococcus infections that are resistant to penicillin and methicillin or in patients that are allergic to penicillin.

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24
Q

Isoniazid

A

Is used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. They don’t target peptidoglycan.

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25
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Natural or semisynthetic antibiotics derived from actinomycetes.

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26
Q

Streptomycin

A

Attach to the small ribosomal subunit.

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27
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Block the ‘entry’ of tRNA to the ribosome.

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28
Q

Erythromycin

A

Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Block the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA

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29
Q

Azithromycin

A

Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Block the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA.

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30
Q

Folic Acid

A

Is an intermediate in the synthesis of nitrogenous bases and certain amino acids.

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31
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Are competitive inhibitors to enzymes in the folic acid synthesis pathway.

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32
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Targets DNA unwinding enzymes such as Gyrase.

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33
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Slightly different mechanisms in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, both eventually bactericidal.

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34
Q

Rifampin

A

Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. Elongation in transcription but never happens past the 2nd or 3rd nucleotide, so no usable mRNA is made.

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35
Q

Polymyxin

A

Interacts with membrane phospholipids, distorting the cell shape and causing leakage of the cytosol.

36
Q

Antifungal antibiotics

A

Drugs are those that treat infections with fungi

37
Q

Macrolide polyenes

A

Bind specifically to steroids on fungal membranes making them more fluid and causing leakage of potassium and sodium ions.

38
Q

Azoles

A

Inhibits the enzymatic pathway that makes fungal steroids.

39
Q

Allylamines

A

Inhibits the enzymatic pathways that makes fungal steroids.

40
Q

Echinocandins

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

41
Q

Antiprotozoal drugs

A

Are used to combat animal-like protists.

42
Q

Protozoans

A

Are polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as “one celled animals”

43
Q

Quinines

A

Combats against malaria, which are derived from the bark of certain trees

44
Q

Permeability

A

If an organism can change its permeability, the drug may be less able to go in an affect cellular function.

45
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Bacteria can also acquire new genes, in a processes called horizonal gene transfer.

46
Q

Transformation

A

Direct pick-up of DNA from environment

47
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of DNA by a bacteriophage.

48
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another.

49
Q

Competent

A

Cells need surface proteins to recognize and take up DNA

50
Q

S (smooth) strain

A

Have a capsule that allows them to escape the host immune system –> Virulent

51
Q

R (rough) strain

A

Do not have a capsule, so they cannot escape the host immune system –> Avirulent

52
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Virus that infects bacterium

53
Q

Pilus

A

A ‘tunnel’ between two cells connecting their cytoplasm

54
Q

Virulence factors

A

The molecules that assist the bacterium colonize the host as the cellular level.

55
Q

Which one is to specifically target bacteria?

A)Antifungals
B)Anthelminthic
C)Antiprotozoals
D)Antibiotics

A

D) Antibiotics

56
Q

Which one is specifically target worms?

A)Antifungals
B)Anthelminthic
C)Antiprotozoals
D)Antibiotics

A

B) Anthelmintic

57
Q

Which one specifically targets parasitic protists?

A)Antifungals
B)Anthelminthic
C)Antiprotozoals
D)Antibiotics

A

C) Antiprotozoals

58
Q

Which one specifically target fungi?

A)Antifungals
B)Anthelminthic
C)Antiprotozoals
D)Antibiotics

A

A) Antifungals.

59
Q

What is the overall goal for antimicrobial?

A

To administer a drug that will target the infectious organism without harming the host.

60
Q

How many nonexistent ‘ideal’ antimicrobial are there?

A

There are 9

61
Q

List all nonexistent ‘ideal’ antimicrobial

A

*Toxic to the microbe but nontoxic to host cells.
*Relatively soluble; functions even when highly diluted in body fluids.
*Remains potent long enough to act and is not broken down or excreted prematurely.
*Does not lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance.
*Compartments or assists the activities of the host’s defenses.
*Remains active in tissues and body fluids.
*Readily delivered to the site of infection.
*Reasonably priced.
*Does not disrupt the host’s health by causing allergies or predisposing the host to other infections.

62
Q

What is the difference between synthetic and semisynthetic drugs?

A

Synthetic: drugs are made in a lab.

Semisynthetic: drugs are made by chemically modifying the compounds.

63
Q

Which two fungi produce antimicrobials?

A

Penicillium and Cephalosporium.

64
Q

Which two bacteria can produce compounds that kill off organisms that ,ay complete with them in their own environment?

A

Streptomyces and Bacillus

65
Q

What should you know before using antimicrobials?

A

1) identify the organism.
2) The organism’s susceptibility to various drugs.
3) The condition of the infected individual.

66
Q

What are the 3 ways of identifying microbes?

A

1) DNA sequencing
2) Straining, morphology, and physiology.
3)Advanced identification technologies such as mass-spectrometry.

67
Q

In Kirby Bauer technique, Which ones are the zones of inhibition and which ones did not grow?

A

Blue= did not grow
Purple=Zone of inhibition.

68
Q

Explain the steps for the Kirby Bauer Technique.

A

1) After incubation, measure the zone pf inhibition for different discs.
2) The zone of inhibition for each antimicrobial is compared to a table of standard.
3) Using this table, you can identify which antimicrobials the organism is resistant to (R) or sensitive (S).

69
Q

By adding varying amount os an antimicrobial to a different broth cultures, you can determine the ____________ for a particular organism antimicrobial pairing.
(Hint: use the picture)

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

70
Q

True or false: In-Vitro is in living host.

A

False In-vitro is in a test tube.

71
Q

True or false: In-vivo is in a test tube.

A

False: In-vivo is in a living host

72
Q

_________ means a drug is more effective, and therefore potentially more ideal for use in a patient.

A

High therapeutic index.

73
Q

__________ means a drug is less effective, riskier to use.

A

Low Therapeutic index.

74
Q

name the five targets what we discussed in class.

A

1) Cell wall synthesis
2) DNA structure and function
3) Protein synthesis
4)Cytoplasmic membrane structure and function
5) Folic acid synthesis.

75
Q

What is the protein that allows that allows the cell wall to synthesis?

A

Penicillin-binding proteins.

76
Q

What is the subunit of beta-lactams?

A

Penicillin

77
Q

What happens when you do NOT use beta-lactams?

A

With no beta-lactams, cell wall construction proceeds and each cellular division occurs normally.

78
Q

What happens when you USE beta-lactams?

A

With beta-lactams present, the expanding cell wall does not fully connect, so the cell growth ‘spills out’ of the cell wall and dies off.

79
Q

true or false: Penicillin family will be paired with clavulanic acid.

A

True.

80
Q

what is the combination of drugs in Clavamox?

A

Clavulanic acid and Amoxicillin.

81
Q

What are Cephalosporins classified?

A

Generation based on their discovery timeline.

82
Q

what does bacitracin treat?

A

Bacitracin treats skin infections.

83
Q

What does Vancomycin treat?

A

Staphylococcus infections that are resistant to penicillin and methicillin.

84
Q

Isoniazid is bacteriostatic when ____________ in mycobacterium populations.

A

Slow-growing.

85
Q

Isoniazid is bactericidal when _________ in mycobacterium populations

A

fast-growing

86
Q

Aminoglycosides such as streptomycin attach to the small ribosomal subunit and can ….
(Hint 3 things)

A

1) prevent the ribosome from fully assembling
2)Make it difficult to transfer growing polypeptide.
3) Cause misreading of the mRNA.

87
Q

Explain what happens when tetracyclines blocks tRNA.

A

Protein synthesis slows down or stops.

Microbiology (16 decks)

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