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Physiology Test 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Flux

A

Amount of substance that crosses a defined surface area per unit time

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2
Q

Diffusion Equilibrium

A

State in which the diffusion fluxed in opposing direction are equal, resulting in a new flux of zero

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3
Q

Methods of passage through a lipid bilayer

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Active Transport
  4. Secondary Active Transport
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4
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion directly through the membrane

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5
Q

Is energy used during passive transport

A

No energy input

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6
Q

What is able to pass through passive transport

A

Small, non-charged substances pass between phospholipids

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7
Q

What is the issue with passive transport

A

Most molecules in the body are lipophobic and/or charged and so will not really readily pass through the bilayer

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8
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion through membrane proteins

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9
Q

Trans-membrane proteins

A

Contact with extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

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10
Q

What will be used to make facilitated diffusion work

A

Channels (proteins)

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11
Q

How do channels work

A

The inside of the channel is hydrophilic allowing items to still be able to go through them, small items

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12
Q

Open Channels

A

water-filled pore that remain open most of the time although can close occasionally for brief periods

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13
Q

How do open channels remain available

A

The protein structures are held together by noncovalent bonds. When noncovalent bonds break/flex the protein reconfigure and it closes temporarily and will flex again to open.

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14
Q

Gated Channel

A

Closed most of the time and open for a few seconds

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15
Q

Stumulus-Gated/Ligan Gated

A

Response to a ligand binding

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16
Q

Ligand

A

Something that binds to a protein

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17
Q

Voltage-Gates

A

Respond to change in membrane potential

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18
Q

Mechanosensitive

A

Respond to physical distortion

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19
Q

Are channels picky

A

Channels can be very specific either anion only, cation only, every specific for a particular ion

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20
Q

How does a Ligan Gated channel work

A

-Remains Close
-Ligan Arise
-Binds non-covalently
-Enough energy for protein to change shape and open up
-Allows passage for something to go through
-Follows the concentration gradient
-Going to stay open as long as ligands are bound

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21
Q

Are ligands gated only a one way passage

A

Ligands can come from inside or outside the cell as a stimulus to open up the channel

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22
Q

How does a voltage gated channel work

A

Cell has positive on one side and negative on the other and the amount of charge across the membrane has changed making the protein open
-it has a second mechanism that closes it

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23
Q

Mechanosenstive channel work

A

Physically have to push on the channel to move it opening the channel

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24
Q

Carrier Mediated Transport Process

A

-Protein open to only on side
-Binding site for a ligand
-Substance bouncing around and binds non-covalently
-Enough energy protein closes
-Other side opens up
-Kicks substance out due to lose of attraction
-substance has moved across the membrane
-Now the protein will go back to its original form of open on the other side

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25
Carrier mediated Transport is what type of diffusion
Facilitated
26
What fits through a carrier mediated transport
Glucose, monosaccharide, medium size molecules
27
Simple Diffusion/Channel Rates
Small Gradient Small Flux, Bigger Gradient Bigger Flux it keeps going
28
Mediated Rates
Big Gradient Big Flux, bigger gradient doesn't get bigger flux due to reaching a maximum flux -Rate is much smaller
29
Why does mediated have a maximum flux
Proteins can get saturated proteins can only move so fast no matter how much substance is around
30
Uniport Carriers
Transport only one kind of substrate
31
Symport Carriers
Move two or more substrates in the same directions across the membrane
32
Antiport Carriers
Move substrates in opposite directions
33
Cotransporters
-Symport -Antiport -Moving two or more substrates
34
Active Transport
Requires Energy ATP Something that causes ATP levels to change
35
Primary Active Transport Process
-Protein only opens to one side -Substance bind -Not enough bond energy to make the protein flex -Add a covalent bond -Add a phosphate group -Enough energy protein flex and opens to the other side to be released -Dephosphorylatie occurs -Protein return to its original shape
36
When does Primary Active transport take place
When going against a concentration gradient
37
how Na+ -K+ works numbers
-Maintains membrane potential -All 3 sodium bind -Phosphorylation occurs from ATP -Closes and opens to other side of membrane -Sodium release -2 potassium bind -phosphate can be removed -Closes and opens to other side -potassium can be released
38
What does the Na+ -K+ pump do
-Making the outside of the cell more positive and the inside of the cell more "negative" -membrane potential -electrical gradient
39
Ca++
Plasma membrane and organelles
40
H+
Mitochondria and Plasma membranes (kidney)
41
H+ -K+, location
Plasma membranes (stomach)
42
Secondary Active Transport
-Always moving two things -One is always sodium -Binding sites for both substances -Both substances must bind -Enough bond energy to close and open to the other side -Both substances are releases -Protein will close and return to its original shape
43
Where did the energy come from to allow the secondary active transport to work?
-Sodium came from a high concentration to a low concentration allowing the other substance to go low to high -Energy came from the sodium gradient -It allowed the other substance to be pulled through
44
What is a drawback of the secondary active transport
Must have the gradient in order for it to work
45
How does the sodium gradients stay active for secondary active transport to work?
By getting pumped out in the sodium potassium pump
46
How do microvilli use transport?
Secondary active transport is used by allowing glucose in with sodium. High to low concentration is occurring. Glucose can go through a regularly carrier out of the cell from high to low into the blood. Sodium Potassium pump is also working to keep the concentration correct but at the cost of ATP
47
SGLT2 inhibitors
Blocks the SGLT2 protein and help regulate glucose levels for type 2 diabetic. Half there glucose does not get used.
48
SGLT2 inhibitor Drugs
Invokana Jardiance
49
Vesicular Transport
1) Endocytosis 2) Exocytosis
50
Endocytosis
1) Phagocytosis 2) Pinocytosis
51
Phagocytosis
o Extends it membrane around, using microtubules, fuses it membrane together, pinching off o Substance is surrounded by the membrane now and inside the cell
52
Why is endocytosis considered active transport?
due to moving the cytoskeleton around using a lot of ATP
53
Exocytosis
Cell can release large things such as hormone, neurotransmitters
54
Process of exocytosis
-Vesicle can migrate over fuses to membrane and is exposed to ECF
55
Osmosis
The movement of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration due to random thermal molecular motion
56
What is a solution
Solute+solvent
56
What is a solvent
Solvent is always water
57
What is a solute
Anything going into water/ the solvent
58
What happens when you put solute into solvent
Solute is going to take up space so know it is a high solute solution (low water)
59
Low solute mean
High amount of water
60
High solute mean
low amount of water
61
Lots of solute of one side how will it work
Solute: more on one side causes low water Water is higher on side Permeability: Water can go through the membrane Going to see osmosis Water is going to go from high concentration to low concentration and lift
62
Side A with solute Side B with a lot more solute Water moved to more concentrated solution What if we wanted to move the water back
Have to have a force to move the water back to the other side
63
Osmotic Pressure
the amount of force that is requires to oppose osmosis
64
Osmolarity
Concentration of a solution expressed as a number of solutes per liter
65
1L of water Add 1 mol of glucose how many osm
1 osm solution * Mol is 6.022X10^23 * So 6.022X10^23/6.022X10^23
66
1L water 1 mol sucrose 1 mol urea osm?
2osm solution (6.022x10^23+(6.022x10^23))/6.022^23
67
1L water 1 mole NaCl osm?
2 osm
68
1L water 1 mol CaCl 2 osm?
3 osm
69
Hyper osmotic
Has more solutes in it Less water
70
Hypo osmotic
Has fewer solutes More Water
71
Isosmotic
Has the same solutes and water
72
A=1osm B=2osm C=2osm D=3osm What is there relationship
D is hyper osmotic to C,B,A A is hypo osmotic to B,C,D B and C is isosmotic
73
Tonic
-Always going to be dealing with a cell -Always the substance compared to the cell -Must be dealing with non-penetrating solute
74
Hypotonic Solution
Cell Swells
75
Hypertonic
Cell Shrinks
76
Isotonic
Cell does not change
77
What is the average mOsm our cell is
300 mOsm -intracellular fluid -normal cell volume
78
400 mOsm non penetrating solutes
Hypertonic solution Cell shrinks
79
200 mOsm non penetrating solutes
Hypotonic solution Cell swells
80
300 mOsm non penetrating solutes
Isotonic Cell does not change
81
Why is osmosis important
As cells go up in concentration of gradient water will follow. It is important to keep the balance.
82
Basic Principles of Electricity
Opposites attract
83
What happens when oppositely charged particles come together
Work can be performed
84
Electrical potential
Voltage difference between two points
85
Voltage (V)
measure of potential to do work
86
Membrane potential
-Vm or Em -Voltage difference between the inside and outside of the cell
87
Current
-I -movement of an electrical charge
88
Ohm's law
I=gE  Flow of ions (flux) current= is the membrane permeable to that ion*is there a gradient
89
Electrical Gradient example A. 0.15M Nacl B 0.15 KCl -equal number of positives and negatives -Peremeable membrane only allow Na+
-No electrical gradient -Sodium channel -Sodium will flow down its concentration gradient -Now have an electrical potential -A has 99 + and 100 - -B has 101 + and 100 - -Electrical gradient as opposites atttract and sodium wants to go back to compartment A as there is more negatives it is attracted to
90
Has does the voltage become bigger
The separation of charge is greater
91
Equilibrium Potential
-Ex -The voltage that would exist across a membrane if it were exclusively permeable to one ion in which voltage force equal and opposite to concentration force
92
What happens is equilibrium potential is reached
If membrane potential is at equilibrium potential, then there is no driving force for that ion
93
What happens if membrane potential deviated from equilibrium potential
As membrane potential deviates from Ex then an increases driving force is created

Physiology Test 1 (11 decks)

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