bone functions
Support the body Protect soft organs Attached skeletal muscles allow movement Store minerals and fats Calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
bones in adult skeleton
206
types of bone
spongy and compact
types of bone
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
flat bones
two layers of compact bone surround spongy bone
irregular bones
vertebrate
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
outside layer of compact bone
periosteum
secure periosteum to bone
Sharpey’s fibers
ends of the bones
epiphysis
cartilage on end of long bone is ______ cartilage
articular
short bones contain mostly
spongy bone
the skull is what kind of bone
flat bone
growth plate in bone
epiphyseal plate
yellow marrow is mostly
fat
in adults red bone marrow found in
the epiphysis in the spongy bones
connect bone cells to a nutrient supply
canaliculi
runs perpendicular to osteonic canal
perforating canal carrying blood vessels and nerves
bone formation
ossification
bone forming cells
osteoblasts
bone groing wider
appositional growth
bone destroying cells
osteoclasts
hormone that is excreted when the body is low in calcium, causing osteoclasts to destroy bone material for calcium
parathyroid hormone
what type of feedback is the release of pth to balance calcium levels?
negative feedback
high calcium levels
hypercalcema
closed (simple) fracture
break that doesn’t break the skin
open (compound) fracture
bone penetrates the skin
closed reduction
bones are manually put back into place by a doctor
open reduction
bone is secured by pins and wires during surgery
steps of bone reparation
1) hematoma
2) fibrocartilage callus forms
3) bone callus forms bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts
4) bone remodeling
bone breaks into many fragments
comminuted
bone is crushed
compression
broken bone is pressed inward
depression
broken bone ends are pressed into each other
impacted
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
spiral
bone breaks incompletely
greenstick
three parts of axial skeleton
1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) bony thorax
holds skull bones together
sutures
only skull bone with a freely moving joint
mandible
bones that protect the brain
1) ethmoid
2) occipital
3) parietal
4) temporal
5) frontal
6) sphenoid
facial bones
Maxillae Zygomatics Palatines Nasals Lacrimals Inferior nasal conchae Mandible Vomer
facial bones that protect sight
ethnoid and sphenoid
functions of paranasal sinuses
lightens skull
amplifies sounds
functions of hyoid bone
moveable base for tongue
aids in swallowing and speech
fetal skull is ____ of body length
1/4
hole in skull that spinal chord goes through
forman magnum
protects hearing nerves
acoustic meatus
houses jugular vein
jugular foramen
olefactory nerves go through
cribriform plate
connect cranial bones during first two years of life
fontanels
corative artery goes through the
coratoid canal
nerve responsible for hearing and balance
vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing nerve goes through the
acoustic meatus
factors that effect bone remodeling
blood calcium levels
pull of gravity
____ vertebral bones
24
number and type of vertebral bones
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
sacrum a fusion of ___ vertebrae
5
coccyx fusion of ____ vertebrae
3-5
primary curvature
c shape like in newborns
Secondary curvature
S shape like in adults
back problem assosiated with old ladies
kyphosis
back problem assosiated with pregnancy
Lordosis
function of vertebral column
protect and support spinal chord
soft spot in baby’s head that allows for smooth delivery and brain growth
fontanel
disks are this type of cartilage
fibrocartilage
5 distinguishing characteristics of vertebrae
1) Thoracic: more pronounced transverse process
2) Lumbar: Transverse process goes straight out
3) Thoracic: bigger spinous process
4) Cervical: reduced spinous process
5) Cervical: small body
atlas articulates with the
occipital condyle
ribs articulate with
the thoracic vertebrae and the sternum
true ribs
attatch to sternum 1-7
false ribs
share an articulation with the sternum 8-12
floating ribs
don’t articulate with the sternum 11-12
clavical articulates with
scapula and sternum
shoulder is a ___
multi axial joint
labrum
rotator cuff
humerous articulates with
scapula, radius, and ulna
distal end of humerous
trochlea
keeps bones together when rotating forearm
interoseous membrane
wrist bones
carpals 8
palm
metacarpals 5
fingers
phalanges 14
bones that make up the pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
cartilage in the middle of the pelvis
pelvic symphysis
5 differences between male and female pelvis
1) female pelvis has larger inlet
2) shallower pelvis
3) sacrum is shorter and less curved
4) pubic arch more rounded
5) ilia flare out more laterally
femur articulates with
hip bone and tibia
tibia articulates with
femur,
heel bone
calcaneous bone
allows for flexion and extension of the foot
talus
arches in foot
two longitudinal and one transverse
function of joints
hold bones together
allow for mobility
functional classifications of joints
Synarthroses-immovable
Amphiarthroses-slightly moveable
Diarthroses-freely moveable
structural classifications
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
gomphosis
tooth and mandible
sympheses is a
cartilaginous joint
types of synovial joints
plane-carpals hinge-elbow pivot-ulna and radius condylar-finger wagging saddle-wrist ball and socket
immune system attacks joints
rheumatoid arthritis
most common arthritis
osteoarthritis
gout
uric crystals deposited on joints
thinning of bone
osteoporosis
