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Anatomy > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

fibers in skeletal muscle are

A

parallel to the muscle

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2
Q

muscle cells are

A

multinucleate

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3
Q

muscles need ___ to function

A

oxygen, glucose, and calcium

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4
Q

cells in the same fascicle

A

don’t need to contract at the same time

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5
Q

levels of organization for muscle

A

muscle cell is surrounded by endomysium
muscle cells grouped together by parimysium
gouped muscle cells in a fascicle
multiple fascicles are surrounded by epimysium

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6
Q

tendons made of

A

collagen fibers

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7
Q

sheet like attachment structures

A

aponeurosis

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8
Q

skeletal muscle function

A

1) maintain posture
2) produce movement
3) generate heat
4) stabilize joints

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9
Q

I band

A

actin (thin filament)

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10
Q

A band

A

both actin and myosin (Thick filament)

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11
Q

plasma membrane of muscle cell

A

sarcolemma

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12
Q

fibers within a muscle cell

A

myofibril

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13
Q

one unit of a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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14
Q

myosin heads are called _ when they contract

A

cross bridges

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15
Q

stores and releases Calcium into mucle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

nerve signal for muscle contraction

A

action potential

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17
Q

where nerve meets muscle

A

nueromuscular junction

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18
Q

irritability

A

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

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19
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is presented

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20
Q

extensibility

A

ability of muscles to be stretched

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21
Q

elasticity

A

ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

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22
Q

motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates

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23
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

junction of the axon terminal and the sarcolemma of the muscle

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released in the neuromuscular joint to stimulate the muscle

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25
neurotransmitter for skeletal muscles
Acetylcholine
26
gap between nerve and muscle
synaptic cleft
27
action potential
nerve signal to t muscle
28
events at the neuromuscular junction
1) calcium enters the axon terminal 2) calcium causes acetycholine to be released 3) Acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft and diffuses across the sarcolemma 4) Sarcolemma becomes more permeable and sodium rushes in while potassium rushes out 5) action potential spreads down the cell as sodium rushes in 6) acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine ending the process
29
cross bridge cycle
1) Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum 2) Calcium causes the tropomyosin to change position on the actin revealing places for the mysoin heads to attach 3) a cross bridge is formed as the mysoin heads attach to the actin 4) myosin performs a power stroke pulling the actin 5) cross bridge detaches 6) ATP re-cocks the mysosin
30
twitch
single-brief contraction
31
summing of contractions
one contraction is immediately followed by another
32
unfused tetanus
multiple summing of contractions
33
fused tetanus
no relaxation between contractions (only one that happens in real life)
34
three ways to get energy to a muscle cell
1) re phosphorylation of atp with creatine phosphate 2) aerobic respiration 3) anaerobic glycosis and lactic acid formation
35
creatine
1 atp per molecule | fastest energy source, lasts 15 seconds
36
anaerobic glycosis
fast reaction, glucose broken down into pyruvic acid to release 2 ATP
37
lactic acid formation
ubla
38
aerobic respiration
most efficient produces 32 ATP
39
causes of muscle fatigue
1) Ionic imbalance 2) lactic acid accumulation 3) energy supply decreases
40
isotonic
contraction where muscle moves
41
isometric
contraction where muscle tenses but doesn't move
42
weight lifting is an
isometric exercise
43
5 rules
1) all skeletal muscles cross a joint 2) bulk of the muscle is proximal to the joint crossed 3) muscles have 2 attachments 4) muscles only pull 5) insertion moves towards the origin
44
attachment to immovable bone
origin
45
attachment to movable bone
insertion
46
flexion
decreases angle
47
increases angle
extension
48
shaking head no is an example of
rotation
49
abduction
movement away from midline
50
movement towards midline
adduction
51
circumduction
proximal end of bone remains stationary while the distal end moves in circle
52
lifting foot up
dorsiflexion
53
pointing foot
plantar flexion
54
inversion
sole of the foot turned medially
55
sole of the foot turned laterally
eversion
56
supination
forearm turns laterally
57
forearm turns forearm turns medially
pronation
58
decease in size
atrophy
59
produces flexion
muscle that crosses over the anterior side
60
produces adduction
crosses the medial side
61
produces extension
crosses the posterior side
62
produces abduction
crosses the lateral side
63
muscle with the major responsibility for a movement
prime mover
64
muscle that reverses prime mover
antagonist
65
muscle that aids the prime mover
synergist
66
stabilizes the origin of the prime mover
fixator
67
frontalis
raises eyebrows; face
68
orbicularis oculi
closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks; face
69
orbicularis oris
closes mouth and protrudes the lips; face
70
buccinator
flattens the cheek, chews; face
71
zygomaticus
raises corners of the mouth; face
72
masseter
closes jaw and elevates mandible
73
temporalis
synergist of the masseter, closes jaw; face
74
platysma
pulls corners of mouth inferiorly; neck
75
sternoclasomastoid
flexes the neck, rotates the head; neck
76
trapezious
elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula; posterior trunk
77
latissimus dorsi
extends and adducts the humerus; posterior trunk
78
erector spinae
back extension; posterior trunk
79
quadratus lumborum
flexes the spine laterally; posterior trunk
80
deltoid
arm abduction; posterior arm
81
pectoralis major
adducts and flexes the humerus; anterior trunk
82
external intercostals
raise rib cage during | inhalation; anterior trunk
83
internal intercostals
depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly; anterior trunk
84
rectus abdominis
flexes vertebral column | and compresses abdominal contents; abdominal girdle
85
external oblique
flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally; abdominal gridle
86
internal oblique
flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally
87
transverse abdominis
compresses abdominal contents
88
Biceps Brachii
supinates forearm, flexes elbow
89
brachialis
elbow flexion
90
brachioradialus
weak muscle; elbow flexion
91
triceps brachii
``` elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii) ```
92
flexor carpi
wrist flexion (forearm)
93
flexor digitorum
finger flexion
94
extensor carpi
wrist extension
95
extensor digitorum
finger extension
96
gluteous maximous
hip extension
97
gluteous medius
hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
98
Iliopsoas
hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect
99
adductor muscles
adduct the thighs
100
Hamstring group
Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
101
quadriceps
rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius
102
sartorious
flexes thigh
103
quadricepts group function
extends the knee
104
hamstring group function
thigh extension and knee flexion
105
tibialis anterior
dorsiflexion, foot inversion
106
extensor digitorum longus
toe extension and | dorsiflexion of the foot
107
fibularis muscles
plantar flexion, foot eversion
108
soleus
plantar flexion

Anatomy (12 decks)

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