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Anatomy > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

The skin

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2
Q

2 layers of the skin

A

dermis and epidermis

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3
Q

Where is the hypodermic found?

A

Deep to the dermis

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4
Q

What is the hypodermic made of?

A

Areolar and adipose tissues

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5
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

Stratified squamous and keratin

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6
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the dermis?

A

Papillary and reticular dermis

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8
Q

Name 5 appendages of the skin

A

Eccrine sweat gland, arrestor pills muscle, sebaceous gland, hair follicle, hair root

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9
Q

What is reticular dermis made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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10
Q

Name 3 nervous structures of the skin

A

Sensory nerve fiber, lamellar corpuscle, hair root follicle receptor

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11
Q

What does the lamellar corpuscle detect?

A

Deep pressure and vibration

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12
Q

What do nervous structure detect?

A

Warm/Cold, touch, pain, vibration

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13
Q

5 functions of the skin

A

Protection, body temperature regulation, excretion, production of vitamin D, sensory reception

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14
Q

4 cell types of the epidermis

A

Kertainocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells

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15
Q

Location of keratinocytes

A

All strata

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16
Q

Function of keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin, antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify chemicals, release glycolipids

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17
Q

Location of melanocytes

A

Basal Layer

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18
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Manufacture and secrete pigment melanin, protects nucleus from UV light damage

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19
Q

Location of tactile epithelial cells

A

Basal layer

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20
Q

Function of tactile epithelial cells

A

Attached to sensory nerve endings (Tactile discs)

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21
Q

Location of dendritic cells

A

Stratum Spinosum

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22
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

Macrophage like, part of immune system

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23
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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24
Q

Another name for tactile epithelial cell discs

A

Merkel’s Cells

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25
Q

What layer of epidermis only appears in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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26
Q

What cells are found in the stratum basale?

A

Tactile epithelial cells, melanocytes

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27
Q

What is the thickest layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum spinosum

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28
Q

What can be found in the stratum spinosum?

A

Intermediate filaments, keratinocytes and dendritic cells

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29
Q

What is found in the stratum granulosum?

A

Layers of keratinocytes

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30
Q

2 layers of keratinocyte

A

Keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules

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31
Q

Function of keratohyaline granules

A

Help form keratin

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32
Q

Function of lamellar granules

A

Contain waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted from cell and helps waterproof the skin

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33
Q

Location of thick skin

A

Palms and soles

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34
Q

Function of stratum cornerum

A

Protects skin against abrasion and penetration

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35
Q

What is the papillary region made of?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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36
Q

What is the reticular region made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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37
Q

Function of dermal papillae

A

Increase surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, waste, interdigitation strengthens attachment of epidermis to dermis

38
Q

What are epidermal reidges

A

Elevations of dermal ridges that increase gripping abilities and form fingerprints

39
Q

Location of cleavage lines

A

Reticular region of dermis

40
Q

Function of cleavage lines

A

Separation between collagen fibers which give skin strength

41
Q

Location of flexure lines

A

Reticular region of dermis

42
Q

Function of flexure lines

A

Deep creases in palms, wrists, soles, fingers, toes

43
Q

Vascular plexuses in Reticular dermis

A

Dermal plexus and sub papillary plexus

44
Q

Other names for hypodermis

A

Superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer

45
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

areolar and adipose connective tissue

46
Q

Function of hypodermis

A

Anchors skin to underlying structures, helps insulate body

47
Q

Why is there more hypodermis in females?

A

To protect the fetus

48
Q

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

A

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

49
Q

Function of melanin

A

Produce range of color from yellow to reddish to brown to black

50
Q

Functions of carotene

A

Yellowish pigment from carrots and tomatoes

51
Q

Location of carotene

A

Accumulates in stratum corneum and fat

52
Q

Function of hemoglobin

A

Allows crimson color of blood to show through

53
Q

5 parts of the nail

A

Free edge, body, root, nail folds, eponychium

54
Q

What are nails made of?

A

Hard keratin

55
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

Cuticle

56
Q

Main parts of hair

A

Root and shaft

57
Q

3 layers of hair cells

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

58
Q

What happens when hair turns grey?

A

Melanocytes stop functioning

59
Q

What makes up the wall of a hair follicle?

A

Connective tissue and epithelial tissue root sheath

60
Q

What are arrestor pili muscles made of?

A

Smooth muscle

61
Q

Function of arrestor pili

A

Hair stands erect when contracts, also causes dimpling of skin/goosebumps

62
Q

Two types of hair

A

Vellus and terminal

63
Q

Vellus hair

A

on women and children

64
Q

Terminal hair

A

Hair of scalp, eyebrows, axillary and pubic area

65
Q

Function of hair

A

Protect from sunlight, provide warmth

66
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum

67
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Entire cell breaks up to form secretion

68
Q

What type of gland is a sebaceous gland?

A

Simple alveolar

69
Q

Function of sebum

A

Collect dirt, soften and lubricates hair and skin

70
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and apocrine

71
Q

Most numerous sweat gland

A

eccrine

72
Q

Location of apocrine glands

A

Axillary, anal, genital areas

73
Q

2 modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous and mammary

74
Q

What kind of sweat do apocrine glands produce?

A

Pheromones, signal info about immune system

75
Q

First degree burn

A

In epidermis; sunburn

76
Q

Second degree

A

Upper part of dermis; blisters, little scaring

77
Q

Third degree burn

A

Consumes thickness of skin; white/red/black

78
Q

What threats to the body do burns pose?

A

Dehydration and infection

79
Q

What is used to determine the extent of a burn

A

Rule of nines

80
Q

Autograft

A

Cells replace, works well for small areas

81
Q

Homograft

A

Comes from same species, donated skin

82
Q

Heterograft

A

Usually pig skin; usually rejected and replaced

83
Q

4 types of skin grafts

A

Autograt, homograft, heterograft, artificial

84
Q

3 types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma

85
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma come from?

A

Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

86
Q

ABCDE rule

A

Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter, elevation

87
Q

What does the epidermis develop from?

A

Embryonic ectoderm

88
Q

What does the dermis and hypodermic develop from?

A

Mesoderm

89
Q

What do melanocytes develop from?

A

Neural crest cells

90
Q

When does fetal skin form?

A

After the fourth month

91
Q

What are the downy hairs of a fetus called?

A

Lanugo

92
Q

What do fetal sebaceous glands produce?

A

Vernix caseosa, protects them from amnionic fluid

Anatomy (8 decks)

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