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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 anatomical things that help regulate temperature of sperm

A
  1. Pampiniform venous plexus helps to keep testes cool through cooling blood before it enters the scrotum
  2. Positioning of the scrotum provides a cool environment for sperm
  3. Tunica dartos and cremaster muscles: Draw in and let go when testes are too cold or warm
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2
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonia divide by mitosis
    A. Maintain germ cells
    B. Differentiate into primary spermatocytes
  2. Meiosis I & II
    A. 2 secondary spermatocytes
    B. Each spermatocyte forms two spermatids
  3. Spermiogenesis
    Creates head, mid piece and tail of sperm
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3
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Fibrous capsule of ovary covered in simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

Houses developing oocytes

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5
Q

Follicles

A

Multicellular sacs housing tissue

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6
Q

infundibulum

A

Distal end of uterine tube surrounded by fimbriae

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7
Q

Ampulla

A

Middle third of uterine tube, site of fertilization

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8
Q

Isthmus

A

Medial third of uterine tube

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9
Q

Anteverted

A

Position of uterus

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10
Q

Fundus

A

Rounded superior portion of uterus

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11
Q

Cervix

A

Neck of uterus

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12
Q

Cervical canal

A

Communicates with vagina inferiorly

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13
Q

Internal os

A

Opening connecting with uterine cavity

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14
Q

External os

A

Inferior opening of cervix

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15
Q

Mesometrium

A

Anchors uterus to lateral pelvic walls

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16
Q

Cardinal ligaments

A

horizontal from cervix and vagina

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17
Q

Round ligaments

A

Bind uterus to anterior pelvic wall

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18
Q

Perimetrium

A

Serous layer; peritoneum

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19
Q

Endometrium

A

Mucosal lining of uterine cavity; site of implantation

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20
Q

Uterine arteries branch into

A

arcuate arteries

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21
Q

Radial arteries branch into

A

straight and spiral arteries

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22
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

Stimulates production of ovarian follicles and oocytes

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23
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

Prepares uterine wall for implantation

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24
Q

3 phases of ovarian cycle

A

Follicular, ovulation, luteal

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25
Zona pellucida
Glycoprotein coat surrounding oocyte
26
Theca folliculi
Internal layer secretes hormones
27
Antrum
Forms fluid filled cavity between granulose cells
28
Corona radiata
Coat of granulose cells surrounding oocyte
29
Vesicular follicle
Ready to be ovulated
30
Remaining follicles of luteal phase become this
Corpus luteum
31
Corpus luteum secretes
Progesterone
32
Corpus luteum dies and becomes this
Corpus albicans
33
Oogenesis
produces only one ovum and 3 polar bodies
34
Phases of uterine cycle
1. Menstrual 2. Proliferative 3. Secretory
35
Adventitia
Fibrous connective tissue of vagina
36
Muscularis
smooth muscle of vagina
37
Mucosa
Lamina propria and stratified squamous epithelium in vagina
38
Hymen
Incomplete diaphragm
39
Fornix
Recess formed at superior part of vagina
40
Mons pubis
overlies pubic symphysis, pubic hair covers after puberty
41
Labia majora
Homologue of male scrotum
42
Vestibule
Space b/w labia minora; houses opening to urethra and vagina
43
Clitoris
Erectile tissue
44
Sperm binds to this during fertilization
Zona pellucida
45
Reaction of fertilization
Acrosomal reaction
46
Cortical reaction
enzymes prevent any other sperm from binding to egg
47
Fertilization
Chromosomes of male and female gametes join
48
Blastocyst
Begins implantation, consists of inner cell mass and outer trophoblast
49
Trophoblast
Two layers: Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
50
Placenta
Exchanges across chorionic villi between maternal and fetal blood
51
Placental barrier consists of
Syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, extra embryonic mesoderm and endothelium of fetal capillaries of villi
52
Syncytiotrophoblast
Secretes regulatory substances for pregnancy
53
3 stages of childbirth
1. Dilation 2. Expulsion 3. Placental
54
Mesonephric ducts
Future male ducts
55
Paramesonephric ducts
Future female ducts
56
Function of kidneys
Maintain chemical consistency and filter blood
57
Site of filtration in the kidney
Nephrons; glomeruli
58
Why is there higher pressure in the glomerulus
Fluid comes in through afferent arteriole faster than it leaves because the afferent diameter is larger than the efferent
59
What surrounds the convoluted tubules
Paratubular capillaries
60
Mechanisms of urine production
Filtration, resorption, secretion
61
3 layers of filtration membrane
1. Fenestrated endothelium of capillary 2. Filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes 3. basement membrane
62
Structure of nephrons
Glomerular capsule with glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubules, descending limb, descending thin limb, ascending thin limb, thick ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
63
Where does reabsorption occur?
Peritubular capillaries
64
Juxtaglomerular complex
Regulates BP
65
Granular cells
Smooth muscles cells that secrete renin
66
Renin
regulates BP in afferent arteriole
67
Ureter mucosa tissue
Transitional epithelium
68
Ureter muscularis tissue
Smooth muscle (Longitudinal and circular)
69
Ureter adventitia tissue
Typical connective tissue
70
3 parts of male urethra
1. Prostatic 2. Intermediate part of urethra 3. Spongy Urethra
71
Embryo develops 3 types of kidneys
1. Pronephros 2. Mesonephros 3. Metanephros
72
Kidney through life
Less filtration, tubules are less efficient, nephron size and number decrease, loss of muscle tone
73
Mesentary
Double layer of peritoneum
74
Falciform ligament
Binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall
75
Lesser omentum
attaches liver to lesser curvature of stomach
76
Greater omentum
Connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall
77
Retroperitoneal organs
Behind peritoneum
78
Peritoneal organs
Digestive organs that keep their mesentery
79
Digestive process
1. Ingestion 2. Propulsion (Peristalsis) 3. Mechanical Breakdown (Segmentation) 4. Chemical Breakdown 5. Absorption 6. Defecation
80
Layers of digestive system wall
1. Mucosa (Epithelium), lamina propria, muscularis mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa (Circular and Longitudinal) (Smooth) 4. Serosa
81
2 types of papillae with taste buds
Fungiform and vallate
82
Papillae with no tastes buds
Filiform
83
Largest salivary glands
Parotid gland
84
Mucous salivary glands
Sublingual glands
85
Mixed between serous and mucous salivary glands
Submandibular glands
86
What is the esophagus made of
Stratified squamous epithelium
87
Layers of the esophogus
Mucosa, submucosa, musculares externa, adventitia
88
4 regions of the stomach
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part
89
Mucous neck cells secrete
Special mucous
90
Parietal or oxyntic cells secrete
HCl and gastric intrinsic factor
91
Chief or zygogenic cells secrete
pepsinogen
92
3 things that increase surface area of the small intestine
Circular folds, villi, microvilli
93
Appendix function
Neutralizes pathogens
94
Liver function
500 functions, bile production, stores glucose as glycogen, release glucose
95
Gallbladder function
Stores and concentrates bile
96
Pancreas function
Endocrine: Produce insulin and glucagon Exocrine: Produces most enzymes that digest food in SI
97
Submucosa of esophagus
Areolar connective tissue
98
Adventitia of esophagus
Fibrous connective tissue
99
Parts of mammalian ovary
Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla, antrum of a mature ovarian follicle, primary and secondary follicles

Anatomy (8 decks)

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