Anatomy > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Function of Perichondrium

A

Surrounds cartilage, resists outward pressure, helps repair and growth of cartilage

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2
Q

Where are chondrocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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3
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant cartilage, very thin, ground substance holds a large amount of water, provides support through flexibility and resistance

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4
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Contains many elastic fibers, able to tolerate repeated bending

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5
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

epiglottis and cartilage of external ear

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6
Q

Describe Fibrocartilage

A

Resists strong compression and strong tension, intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage, thick collagen fibers

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7
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

Pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, annulus fibrosis

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8
Q

Describe appositional growth

A

Grows from the outside, chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

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9
Q

How does bone grow?

A

Through appositional growth

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10
Q

Describe interstitial growth

A

Chrondrocytes within cartilage divide and secret new matrix, pushes cells further apart

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11
Q

Why does cartilage repair slowly?

A

Little blood flow

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12
Q

Describe the function of bones

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, energy metabolism

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13
Q

3 cell types in bone

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes

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14
Q

Describe osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that differentiate into osteoblast; produce matrix

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15
Q

Describe osteoblasts

A

Produce and secrete bone matrix (Osteoid)

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16
Q

Describe osteocytes

A

Keep bone matrix health after osteoids calcify

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17
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

Found in bone tissue and are responsible for the respiration of bone, derived from white blood cells and secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

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18
Q

3 parts of long bone

A

Proximal/distal epiphysis and diaphysis

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19
Q

Describe a sesamoid bone

A

Form within a tendon, short bone

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20
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and facial bones

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21
Q

Describe the structure of a long bone

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis, blood vessels, medullary cavity (yellow marrow), membranes

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22
Q

3 membranes of a long bone

A

Periosteum, endosperm, perforating collagen bundles (Sharpy’s fibers)

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23
Q

Defining structure of short, irregular and flat bones

A

Contain bone marrow but no cavity

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24
Q

Describe trabeculae

A

Compression/tension lines of long bones (Made of spongy bone)

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25
3 categories of bone markings
Projections for muscle attachment, surfaces that form joints, depressions/openings
26
Tuberosity
Large, rounded projection
27
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone
28
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (Only on femur)
29
Line
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest
30
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
31
Process
Any bony prominence
32
Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
33
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
34
Condyle
Rounded articular projection, often articulates with fossa
35
Foramen
Round or oval opening through bone
36
Groove
Furrow
37
Fissure
Narrow, slitlike
38
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
39
Fossa
Shallow basin-like depression of bone often serving as an articular surface
40
Meatus
Canal like passageway
41
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
42
Describe osteon
Long cylindrical structures that function in support
43
What do osteons contain?
Lamellae, central canal, perforating canals, canaliculi
44
Define ossification
Bone tissue formation
45
What are membrane bones formed from?
Directly from mesenchyme
46
Formed by mesenchyme
Intramembranous ossification
47
Formed from hyaline cartilage
Endochondrial ossification
48
Steps of intramembranous ossification
Ossification centers appear in fibrous connective tissue membrane, Osteoid is secreted within fibrous membrane and calcifies, Woven bone and periosteum form, Lamellar bone replaces woven bone. red marrow appears
49
Steps of Endochondral ossification
1. Bone collar forms around diaphysis 2. Cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies and develops cavities 3. Periosteal bud invades internal cavities and spongy bone forms 4. Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in epiphysis 5. Epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages
50
Epiphyseal plate growth of long bone steps
Resting Area 1. Proliferation zone: Mitosis 2. Hypertrophic Zone: Older cells enlarge 3. Calcification Zone: Matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die, matrix deteriorates 4. Ossification Zone: New bone forms
51
When do long bones stop growing?
Diaphysis and epiphysis fuse
52
3 hormones that regulate bone growth
Growth, thyroid, sex hormones
53
Function of growth hormone
Stimulates epiphyseal plates to divide more often
54
Function of thyroid hormone
Ensures that skeleton retains proper proportions
55
Function of sex hormones
Promote bone growth, induces closure of epiphyseal plates
56
When is cancellous bone replaced?
3-4 years
57
When is compact bone replaced?
10 years
58
Where does bone deposit and removal happen?
Periosteal and endosteal surfaces
59
Describe bone deposition
Accomplished by osteoblasts
60
Describe bone reabsorption
Accomplished by osteoclasts
61
Describe open reduction
Need surgery
62
Describe closed reduction
Can manipulate and line without surgery
63
Stages of healing a bone fracture
1. Hematoma 2. Fibrocartilagenous callus forms 3. Bony callus forms 4. Bone remodeling occurs (Small bump is left)
64
Comminuted fracture
Bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
65
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed, common in osteoporotic bones
66
Spiral fracture
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
67
Epiphyseal fracture
Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate; where cartilage cells are dying
68
Depressed fracture
Broken bone portion is pressed inward (Skull)
69
Greenstick fracture
Bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks; common in chldren
70
Describe osteoporosis
Low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces deposition, occurs mostly in women after menopause
71
Describe osteomalacia
Bones are inadequately mineralized, do not ossify
72
Describe rickets
Analogous to osteomalacia, vit. D or calcium phosphate deficiency
73
Osteosarcoma
Bone cancer, usually in long bone, detected due to pain and swelling of diaphysis (Usually at knee)

Anatomy (8 decks)

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