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General Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

any system - human, animal, or machine - that encodes, stores, and retrieves information

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2
Q

information-processing model

A

a cognitive understanding of memory - emphasized how information is changed when it is encoded, stored and retrieved

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3
Q

encoding

A

1st basic task of memory - modification of information to fit the preferred format of the memory system

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4
Q

storage

A

2nd basic task of memory - involves the retention of encoded memory over time

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5
Q

retrieval

A

3rd basic task of memory - involves the location and recovery of information from memory

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6
Q

eidetic imagery

A

especially clear and persistent form of memory - photographic memory

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

1st of 3 memory stages - aims at preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli

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8
Q

working memory

A

2nd of 3 memory stages - aims at preserving recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without any rehearsal - most limited stage

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9
Q

long-term memory

A

3rd of 3 memory stages - largest capacity and longest duration, stores material according to meaning

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10
Q

chunking

A

organizing a piece of information into a smaller number of meaningful units (chunks) - it frees up space in working memory

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11
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

working-memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep from being lost

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12
Q

elaborate rehearsal

A

working-memory process in which information is constantly reviewed and related to information already known

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13
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the conversion of information, especially semantic information, to sound patterns in working memory

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14
Q

levels-of-processing theory

A

the explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to items in long-term memory will be remembered better

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15
Q

procedural memory

A

long-term memory storage for information based on “how things are done”

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16
Q

declarative memory

A

long-term memory storage for information based on facts, includes episodic and semantic memory

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17
Q

episodic memory

A

declarative memory that store events (episodes)

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18
Q

semantic memory

A

declarative memory that stores general knowledge like definitions and concepts

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19
Q

schema

A

cluster of related information that represents ideas or concepts in semantic memory, provides a context for understanding objects and events

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20
Q

childhood amnesia

A

the inability to remember events during the first 2-3 years of life

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21
Q

engram

A

physical changes in the brain associated with memory, AKA memory trace

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22
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to form new memories

23
Q

consolidation

A

the process in which short-term memory becomes long-term memory over time

24
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to remember previously store information in memory

25
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event

26
Q

implicit memory

A

a memory that was not deliberately learned or which you had no conscious awareness

27
Q

explicit memory

A

a memory that has been processed with attention and that can be consciously recalled

28
Q

retrieval cue

A

a stimulus used to bring a memory to consciousness or to cue a behavior

29
Q

priming

A

a technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between the cue and the prepared memory

30
Q

gist

A

the sense or meaning, in contrast to the exact details

31
Q

recall

A

a retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information

32
Q

recognition

A

a retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented information

33
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

the doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context in which it was formed. The more closely the retrieval cues match the information as it was encoded, the better it will be remembered.

34
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

a memory process that selectively retrieves one’s memory to match one’s mood

35
Q

prospective memory

A

the aspect of memory that enables one to remember to take some action in the future - as remembering a doctor’s appointment

36
Q

TOT phenomenon

A

The inability to recall a word while knowing that it is one’s memory. “on the tip of the tongue”

37
Q

transience

A

the impermanence of long-term memory…the idea that it fades in strength over time

38
Q

forgetting curve

A

a graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, typically steep at first and flatter as time moves one…a quicker drop, followed by a slower one

39
Q

proactive interference

A

where previous information prevents the learning and remember of new information

40
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new information prevents retrieval of the previously stored information

41
Q

serial position effect

A

interference based on the sequence in which material is presented, typically one remembers the beginning and the end, while the middle is left forgotten

42
Q

absent-mindedness

A

forgetting caused by lapses in attention

43
Q

blocking

A

forgetting that occurs when an item in memory can’t be accessed or retrieved

44
Q

misattribution

A

a memory fault that occurs when memory is retrieved but are associated with the wrong person, place, time

45
Q

suggestibility

A

memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

46
Q

misinformation effect

A

distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation

47
Q

expectancy bias

A

the unconscious tendency to remember events as being congruent with our own expectations

48
Q

self-consistency bias

A

the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are

49
Q

persistance

A

a memory problem when unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind

50
Q

mnemonic strategy

A

technique for improving memory by connecting new information to ones that were previously stored

51
Q

method of loci

A

a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with familiar locations

52
Q

natural language mediator

A

word associated with new information to be remembered

53
Q

whole method

A

mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned “as a whole,” forming an impression with the overall meaning of the material. The details are later associated with that impression

54
Q

distributed learning

A

a technique where the learner spaces learning sessions over time compared to doing it all at once

General Psychology (13 decks)

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