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General Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

any system - human, animal, or machine - that encodes, stores, and retrieves information

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2
Q

information-processing model

A

a cognitive understanding of memory - emphasized how information is changed when it is encoded, stored and retrieved

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3
Q

encoding

A

1st basic task of memory - modification of information to fit the preferred format of the memory system

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4
Q

storage

A

2nd basic task of memory - involves the retention of encoded memory over time

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5
Q

retrieval

A

3rd basic task of memory - involves the location and recovery of information from memory

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6
Q

eidetic imagery

A

especially clear and persistent form of memory - photographic memory

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7
Q

sensory memory

A

1st of 3 memory stages - aims at preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli

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8
Q

working memory

A

2nd of 3 memory stages - aims at preserving recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without any rehearsal - most limited stage

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9
Q

long-term memory

A

3rd of 3 memory stages - largest capacity and longest duration, stores material according to meaning

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10
Q

chunking

A

organizing a piece of information into a smaller number of meaningful units (chunks) - it frees up space in working memory

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11
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

working-memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep from being lost

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12
Q

elaborate rehearsal

A

working-memory process in which information is constantly reviewed and related to information already known

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13
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the conversion of information, especially semantic information, to sound patterns in working memory

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14
Q

levels-of-processing theory

A

the explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to items in long-term memory will be remembered better

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15
Q

procedural memory

A

long-term memory storage for information based on “how things are done”

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16
Q

declarative memory

A

long-term memory storage for information based on facts, includes episodic and semantic memory

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17
Q

episodic memory

A

declarative memory that store events (episodes)

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18
Q

semantic memory

A

declarative memory that stores general knowledge like definitions and concepts

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19
Q

schema

A

cluster of related information that represents ideas or concepts in semantic memory, provides a context for understanding objects and events

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20
Q

childhood amnesia

A

the inability to remember events during the first 2-3 years of life

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21
Q

engram

A

physical changes in the brain associated with memory, AKA memory trace

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22
Q

anterograde amnesia

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A

the inability to form new memories

23
Q

consolidation

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A

the process in which short-term memory becomes long-term memory over time

24
Q

retrograde amnesia

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A

the inability to remember previously store information in memory

25
flashbulb memory
a clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event
26
implicit memory
a memory that was not deliberately learned or which you had no conscious awareness
27
explicit memory
a memory that has been processed with attention and that can be consciously recalled
28
retrieval cue
a stimulus used to bring a memory to consciousness or to cue a behavior
29
priming
a technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between the cue and the prepared memory
30
gist
the sense or meaning, in contrast to the exact details
31
recall
a retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information
32
recognition
a retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented information
33
encoding specificity principle
the doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context in which it was formed. The more closely the retrieval cues match the information as it was encoded, the better it will be remembered.
34
mood-congruent memory
a memory process that selectively retrieves one's memory to match one's mood
35
prospective memory
the aspect of memory that enables one to remember to take some action in the future - as remembering a doctor's appointment
36
TOT phenomenon
The inability to recall a word while knowing that it is one's memory. "on the tip of the tongue"
37
transience
the impermanence of long-term memory...the idea that it fades in strength over time
38
forgetting curve
a graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, typically steep at first and flatter as time moves one...a quicker drop, followed by a slower one
39
proactive interference
where previous information prevents the learning and remember of new information
40
retroactive interference
when new information prevents retrieval of the previously stored information
41
serial position effect
interference based on the sequence in which material is presented, typically one remembers the beginning and the end, while the middle is left forgotten
42
absent-mindedness
forgetting caused by lapses in attention
43
blocking
forgetting that occurs when an item in memory can't be accessed or retrieved
44
misattribution
a memory fault that occurs when memory is retrieved but are associated with the wrong person, place, time
45
suggestibility
memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion
46
misinformation effect
distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation
47
expectancy bias
the unconscious tendency to remember events as being congruent with our own expectations
48
self-consistency bias
the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are
49
persistance
a memory problem when unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind
50
mnemonic strategy
technique for improving memory by connecting new information to ones that were previously stored
51
method of loci
a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with familiar locations
52
natural language mediator
word associated with new information to be remembered
53
whole method
mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned "as a whole," forming an impression with the overall meaning of the material. The details are later associated with that impression
54
distributed learning
a technique where the learner spaces learning sessions over time compared to doing it all at once

General Psychology (13 decks)

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