Chapter 5 G.I

Question 1

What results from the failure of a satisfactory esophageal lumen to develop completely separate from the trachea.

Answer 1

congenital tracheoesophageal fistulas

Question 2

What describes any symptomatic condition or structural changes caused by reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus?

Answer 2

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 3

What condition related to severe reflux esophagitis in which the normal squamous lining of the lower esophagus is destroyed and replaced by columnar epithelium similar to that of the stomach?

Answer 3

Barretts esophagus

Question 4

What (outpouchings) are common lesions that either contain all layers of the wall (traction or true diverticula) or are composed of only mucosa and submucosa herniating through the muscular layer (pulsion or false diverticula)?

Answer 4

esophageal diverticula

Question 5

what arise from the posterior wall of the upper (cervical) esophagus?

Answer 5

zenkers diverticula

Question 6

What are dilated veins in the wall of the esophagus that are most commonly the result of increased pressure in the portal venous system (portal hypertension), which is in turn usually a result of cirrhosis of the liver?

Answer 6

esophageal varices

Question 7

What is the most common abnormality (occurring in 50% of the population) detected on upper GI examination?

Answer 7

hiatal hernia

Question 8

What is a functional obstruction of the distal section of the esophagus with proximal dilation caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Answer 8

achalasia

Question 9

Thickened gastric folds, gastric outlet obstruction?

Answer 9

gastritis

Question 10

occurs when the two muscular layers of the pylorus become hyperplastic and hypertrophic

Answer 10

pyloric stenosis

Question 11

caused by the action of acid and the enzyme pepsin secreted by the stomach and occurs most frequently on the lesser curvature

Answer 11

peptic ulcer disease

Question 12

chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that most often involves the terminal area of the ileum but can affect any part of the GI tract.

Answer 12

crohns disease

Question 13

ommon disorder of intestinal motor activity in which fluid and gas do not progress normally through a nonobstructed small and large bowel.

Answer 13

adynamic ileus

Question 14

telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another because of peristalsis, which forces the proximal segment of bowel to move distally within the ensheathing outer portion.

Answer 14

intussusception

Question 15

develops when the neck of the appendix becomes blocked by a fecalith or by postinflammatory scarring that creates a closed-loop obstruction within the organ.

Answer 15

Appendicitis

Question 16

outpouchings that represent acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layers at points of weakness in the bowel wall.

Answer 16

diverticulosis

Question 17

is a complication of diverticular disease of the colon (necrosing inflammation in the diverticula), especially in the sigmoid region, in which perforation of a diverticulum leads to the development of a peridiverticular abscess.

Answer 17

diverticulitis

Question 18

primarily affects young adults, cause is unknown with alternating periods of remission and relapse

Answer 18

ulcerative colitis

Question 19

patchy distribution, with involvement of multiple noncontiguous segments of colon (skip lesions)

Answer 19

crohns colitis

Question 20

characterized by the abrupt onset of lower abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.

Answer 20

ischemic colitis

Question 21

twisting of the bowel on itself that may lead to intestinal obstruction

Answer 21

volvulus

Question 22

are varicose veins of the lower end of the rectum that cause pain, itching, and bleeding

Answer 22

hemorrhoids

Question 23

can develop whenever bile contains insufficient bile salts and lecithin in proportion to cholesterol to maintain the cholesterol in solution

Answer 23

gallstones

Question 24

inflammation of the gallbladder

Answer 24

cholecystitis

Question 25

rare condition in which the growth of gas-forming organisms in the gallbladder is facilitated by stasis and ischemia caused by cystic duct obstruction

Answer 25

emphysematous cholecystitis

Question 26

calcification in the wall of the gallbladder, which forms an oval density that corresponds to the size and shape of the organ

Answer 26

porcelain gallbladder

Question 27

chronic destruction of liver cells and structure, with nodular regeneration of liver parenchyma and fibrosis

Answer 27

cirrhosis

Question 28

inflammatory process in which protein- and lipid-digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and begin to digest the organ

Answer 28

pancreatitis

Question 29

loculated (walled-off) fluid collections arising from inflammation, necrosis, or hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis or trauma

Answer 29

pancreatic pseudocyst

Question 30

Free air in the peritoneal cavity associated with significant abdominal pain and tenderness is often caused by perforation of a gas-containing viscus and indicates a surgical emergency

Answer 30

pneumoperitoneum

Question 31

Enlargement of the spleen

Answer 31

splenomegaly