Chapter 52 (exam 4)

Question 1

commensalism

Answer 1

when one species benifits but other is unaffected

Question 2

competition

Answer 2

indviduals compete for the same resources, so both lower each others fitness

Question 3

consumption

Answer 3

one organisms eats or absorbs nutrietns from another, increases consumers fitness but decreases victims fitness

Question 4

mutualism

Answer 4

when two species interact that benefits both species fitness

Question 5

intraspecific competition

Answer 5

competition that occurs between members of same species
- factor in density dependent growth

Question 6

interspecific competition

Answer 6

when individuals from different species compete for or use the same resources
- direct or indirect

Question 7

niche

Answer 7

range of resources that species is able to use or range of conditions it can tolerate

Question 8

what happens when niches of two species overlap

Answer 8

interspecific competition occurs

Question 9

what is the competitive exclusion principle

Answer 9

idea that two species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche in the same area cause one species will outcompete the other species

Question 10

what happens when niches partially overlap?

Answer 10

individuals who use joint resources have the disadvantage relative to those that use other resources

Question 11

fundamental niche

Answer 11

total theoretical range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate

Question 12

realized niche

Answer 12

portion of fundamental niche that species actually occupies given limiting factors

Question 13

niche differentiation

Answer 13

evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition

Question 14

what is the difference between endoparasite and ectoparasite

Answer 14

an endoparasite consumes nutrients from inside its host, while an ectoparasite consumes nutrients outside its host

Question 15

how does a parasitoid act as a consumption

Answer 15

it lays its eggs inside or on the body of its host where the eggs will hatch and kill the host

Question 16

what is a coevolutionary arms race

Answer 16

series of adapatations observed in species that interact closely over time and affect each other’s fitness

Question 17

constitutive defenses

Answer 17

defensive trait that is present even in the absence of consumers

Question 18

what are they types of constitutive defenses

Answer 18

• cryptic coloration
• escape behavior
• toxins
• schooling/flocking
• armor/weapons

Question 19

what is it called when a species has evolved to look or sound like another species

Answer 19

mimicry

Question 20

what is the difference between Batesian and Mullerian mimicry

Answer 20

Batesian look dangerous but are not dangerous, Mullerian look dangerous and are dangerous

Question 21

what are inducible defenses and why do they need to be used?

Answer 21

These are the physical, chemical, or behavioral defensive traits that are induced in response to a predator.
- have to be used cause constitutive defenses take a lot of energy to use

Question 22

what type of defense is favored by natural selection

Answer 22

inducible

Question 23

what is the main thing parasites have to able to do in order to thrive due to their small size

Answer 23

be transmitted to new hosts

Question 24

what are the four key attributes of a community structure

Answer 24

1. total number of species
2. relative abundance and distribution of those species
3. sum of interactions among all species
4. physical attributes of the community

Question 25

what are the two main methods of quantifying number of species in a community

Answer 25

1. species richness: count how many species present in a given community 2. species diversity: measure that incorporates both number of species and relative abundance

Question 26

how do trophic levels work of a food web

Answer 26

producers are on "bottom" and consumers are on "top"

Question 27

keystone species

Answer 27

species that has a very large impact on the other species in its ecosystem relative to its abundance

Question 28

bottom-up influences on community structure

Answer 28

- when the amount of nutrients, sunlight, water, and other abiotic factors determine abundance of primary producers - presence of species at "bottom" of food web

Question 29

top-down influences on community structure

Answer 29

- when consumer limits a prey population

Question 30

how does a trophic cascade occur

Answer 30

when changes in top-down control cause conspicuous effects two or three links away in a food web - example= overfishing of sharks

Question 31

what is a climax community

Answer 31

the stable, final community that develops from ecological succession and does not change over time

Question 32

disturbance

Answer 32

any strong, short lived disruption to a community that changes the distribution of living and nonliving resources

Question 33

what are the three factors of the function of disturbance

Answer 33

1. type 2. frequency 3. severity

Question 34

what is a community's disturbance called

Answer 34

disturbance regime

Question 35

what is the difference between resistance and resilience

Answer 35

Resistance is how much a community experiences an amount of change while resilience is how a community recovers after a disturbance

Question 36

what are the two types of succession (recovery after organism are removed from a disturbance)

Answer 36

1. primary: disturbance removes soil and its organisms along with the organisms above soil 2. secondary: removes some/all organisms but leaves soil intact

Question 37

which type of succession is more rapid

Answer 37

secondary because the soil is already present. In primary, the soil has been ripped away so it must be rebuilt.

Question 38

what factors determine the pattern and rate of species replacement during succession?

Answer 38

1. particular traits involved 2. how species interact 3. historical and environmental circumstances

Question 39

During succession, existing species can have one of three effects on other species which are?

Answer 39

1. facilitation: presence of early species makes conditions more favorable for arrival of later species 2. tolerance: existing species do not affect probability that other species will become established 3. inhibition: presence of one species inhibits the establishment or regrowth of another

Question 40

how does weather have an effect on succession

Answer 40

variation in weather and climate causes different successional pathways to occur in sample place at different times

Question 41

where should the most species-rich reserves be located

Answer 41

1. relatively large areas 2. located close to other relatively large habitat areas

Question 42

what animals species diversity decline as latitude increases

Answer 42

birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, many aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, and trees

Question 43

what are the four broad categories for the hypothesis to explain the latitude diversity gradient

Answer 43

1. abiotic: spatial hypotheses 2. abiotic: energy hypotheses 3. biotic: ecological interactions hypotheses 4. biotic: evolutionary history hypotheses