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Biology 2 Lecture > Chemoheterotroph in Multicellular organism (fungi) > Flashcards

Chemoheterotroph in Multicellular organism (fungi) Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made of

A

Kyten

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2
Q

what do fungi eat

A
  • consumers
  • saprobes
  • mutualists and symbioses
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3
Q

what is the structure of fungi

A
  • single cell
  • multicellular (surface area volume ratio and hyphae)
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4
Q

saprobes

A

eat dead, organic matter

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5
Q

what do unicellular fungi look like

A
  • ball form
  • called yeasts
  • function like eukaryotes to gain energy
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6
Q

what do multicellular fungi look like

A
  • veins or branches
  • mycelium
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7
Q

how do fungi get food into cells

A
  • cell walls
  • digest food outside of body
  • digestion precedes ingestion
  • exoenzymes transported out of hyphae
  • smaller molecules are absorbed through surface area of mycelium
  • carbon-nitrogen released
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8
Q

what are the exoenzymes able to do to the insoluble polysaccharides

A

break them down into absorbable glucose

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9
Q

what are fungi the primary decomposers of

A

lignin in wood

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10
Q

how do they move food and nutrients

A
  • mycelium and repro structure
  • hyphae
  • unusual cell bodies
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11
Q

what are the two unusual cell bodies of fungi

A
  • septa
  • coenocytic
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12
Q

septa

A

have continuous fluid running through them
- multicellular
- hyphae divided into compartments (pores)

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13
Q

coenocytic

A

have continuous hyphae with no septa
- long, thin hyphae

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14
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • grow in or outside of roots
  • symbiotic
  • fungi gaining extra food
  • fungi produced extra enzymes for plant
  • hyphae 10x smaller so fungi is able to access nutrients plant can’t get on own
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15
Q

lichens

A

between photosynthesizing organism and fungi

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16
Q

how can fungi be disadvantageous

A

cause disease in humans and crops (crop loss or spoilage)

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17
Q

how can fungi be beneficial

A

can nourish plants

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18
Q

mycorrhizal

A

describes fungus that lives symbolically with roots of vascular plants

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19
Q

what are some of the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • increase growth
  • enhance resistance to bacterial disease
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20
Q

saprophytes

A

organism that feeds primarily on dead plant material

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21
Q

what role do fungi play with carbon

A

cycling carbon atoms through terrestrial ecosystem
- connect the two parts of the carbon cycle

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22
Q

what are the two components of the carbon cycle on land

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. fixation of carbon by land plants
  2. release of CO2 from organisms
23
Q

what are the filaments that make up mycelium

24
Q

coenocytic

Study These Flashcards
A

not divided into separate cells and lack septa entirely

25
what do mycelia have
- large surface area making them efficient at absorbing nutrients
26
spores
reproductive structure of fungi - sexual or asexual
27
what are the four types of reproductive structures a sexually reproducing fungi can produce
1. swimming gametes and spores: have flagella 2. zygosporangia: hyphae fuse 3. basidia: basidium form from mushrooms, brackets, and puffballs 4. asci: formed by cups and morels; sac-like
28
conidia
- asexual spores - formed by mitotic divisions
29
who are fungi closely related to
animals
30
what are the 3 key morphological traits that link animals and fungi
1. synthesize tough, structural material called chitin 2. flagella in chytrid spores (fungi) and chytrids (animals) are singular 3. store food by synthesizing polysaccharide glycogen
31
fungicides
substances that can kill fungi or slow their growth
32
what is the relationship between plants and fungi
symbiotic
33
mutualistic
benefit both species
34
parasitic
one species benefits at the others expense
35
commensal
one species benefits while the other is unaffected
36
what are the two types of mycorrhizae
1. ectomycorrhizal: hyphae form dense network that covers host plant's roots but don't enter root cells 2. arbuscular: hyphae enter root cells of host plants
37
what do the hyphae of EMF do
discover, excavate, and deliver nitrogen and phosphorus to trees
38
what is they key point to AMF
hyphae penetrate cell wall and make direct contact with plasma membrane of root cells - increase surface area
39
endophytes
organisms that live between and within plant cells - for fungi, this is with roots or aboveground tissues of plants
40
what are some jobs of endophytes
- increase drought tolerance - produce beneficial compounds attacking herbivores
41
what are some adaptations for fungi to be such effective decomposers
- extracellular digestion: digestion takes place outside body - lignin degradation: degrade lignin matrix to get access to cellulose - cellulose digestion
42
what is the most fundamental reproductive cell in fungi
spores
43
how do fungi have multiple mating types
the mating types function as sexes, can have many sexes - promotes genetic diversity
44
what are some of the ways fertilization occurs
- both male and female gametes are motile 1. fusion of hyphae 2. fusion of nuclei from fused hyphae
45
plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm of 2 individuals
46
how does the process of sexual reproduction begin
hyphae of two different mating types grow near each other and fuse to form hybrid cell
47
heterokaryotic
fungal mycelium haploid nuclei that are genetically distinct
48
dikaryotic
fungal mycelium or hypha made up of cells containing 2 genetically distinct haploid nuclei
49
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
50
how does asexual reproduction work
spore forming structures produced by haploid mycelium and spores generated by mitosis - offspring are clones - carried and dispersed by wind
51
chytrid life cycle
- alternation of generations - haploid adults from gametangia and male and female gametes produced - gametes fuse to form diploid zygote - zygote grows by mitosis into diploid sporophytic mycelium - meiosis occurs - haploid spores produced by swimming and each grows into haploid gametophytic mycelium
52
zygomycete life cycle
- plasmogamy forms spore-forming structure that develops tough, resistant coat - nuclei from mating partners fuse - meiosis occurs and form sporangium - germination
53
basidiomycete life cycle
- club shaped, spore producing cells (basidia) form at ends of dikaryotic hyphae - diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and yields four haploid spores - spores ejected from end of basidia and dispersed by wind
54
ascomycete life cycle
- hyphae from different mating types fuse - short dikaryotic hyphae with two nuclei grows into complex repro structure with asci at their tips - meiosis and mitosis occur resulting in eight haploid spores - spores ejected

Biology 2 Lecture (18 decks)

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