Exam 3

Question 1

what is the primary storage polysaccharide in fungus

Answer 1

glycogen

Question 2

in most fungi, karagomy does not immediately plasmogamy, which means

Answer 2

• fusion of cytoplasm occurs without immediate fusion of nuclei
• results in cell containing two distinct nuclei/dikaryotic cells

Question 3

in what order do fungi process food compared to animals

Answer 3

digest externally
absorption

Question 4

what happens in the small intestine of animals

Answer 4

• digestion: enzymes (chemical digestion) break particles into smaller components
• absorption: villi increase the surface area to help absorb particles through cells walls and bloodstream
• transport: nutrients enter bloodstream and transported to various cells and tissues
• movement: muscular contraction

Question 5

all fungi are

Answer 5

• heterotrophic
• have cells walls with chitin
• reproduce sexually or asexually through spores
• have network of hyphae that form mycelium to absorb nutrients

Question 6

what structure in fungi is for nutrient absorption and is made of thread like filaments

Answer 6

hyphae

Question 7

in plants, what is produced by meiosis

Answer 7

haploid spores
- diploid cells in sporophyte generation divide to produce four haploid spores

Question 8

what type of symbiosis benefits one organism while harming the other

Answer 8

parasitism

Question 9

what is the plant structure that transports water

Answer 9

xylem

Question 10

how do animals with an incomplete digestive track process food

Answer 10

• ingestion thru mouth
• digestion and absorption occur in central cavity
• nutrients absorbed directly thru into cells of central cavity
• undigested food expelled thru same opening (mouth)
• two way digestive system (one opening)

Question 11

what is parthenogenesis in animals

Answer 11

form of asexual reproduction in which egg develops into organism with fertilized by sperm

Question 12

what is karyogamy

Answer 12

• fusion of two nuclei
• follows plasmogamy
• sexual reproduction
• two haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus

Question 13

bacterium living in underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes, what is it

Answer 13

• saprophytic bacteria
• bacillus, pseudomonas
• chemoheterotroph

Question 14

what is/are examples of asexual reproduction in plants

Answer 14

• rhizomes
• stolon
• tubers

Question 15

what is the asexual form of reproduction in animals

Answer 15

• budding
• fission
• fragmentation
• parthenogenesis
• regeneration

Question 16

unlike eukaryotes and archaea, bacterial cell walls contain unique substance called

Answer 16

peptidoglycan

Question 17

which component is found in fungal cell walls that provide strength

Answer 17

chitin

Question 18

particular species of protist obtained chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis, you know this because the chloroplast

Answer 18

because chloroplast typically have four membranes

Question 19

mushroom is a reproductive structure that consists largely of dikaryotic cells
true or false

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what process do bacteria use for reproduction

Answer 20

binary fission

Question 21

which structure allows for nutrient exchange between fungi and plant roots

Answer 21

mycorrhizae

Question 22

which feeding process filters small particles from water

Answer 22

filter feeding

Question 23

what is the primary function of vascular tissue in plants

Answer 23

facilitate transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant

Question 24

which organisms are thought to be most closely related to fungi

Answer 24

animals

Question 25

what is an advantage of sexual reproduction in changing environments

Answer 25

- genetic diversity/variation - increased adaptability

Question 26

what is the role of exoenzymes in fungal nutrition

Answer 26

facilitate breakdown of complex organic materials - external digestion - decomposition - nutrient absorption - diversity of enzymes

Question 27

how do lichens represent symbiotic relationship with algae

Answer 27

algal component: - performs photosynthesis and shares sugars with lichen - algae benefit from protection by fungal component of lichen and lichen gain nutrients

Question 28

animal heterotrophy can be distinguished from fungal heterotrophy in that most animals derive nutrition by

Answer 28

ingesting it

Question 29

what type of reproduction gives identical offspring

Answer 29

asexual

Question 30

what process is unique to photosynthetic organisms

Answer 30

- photosynthesis - photophosphorylation - carbon fixation - production of oxygen

Question 31

what distinguishes protostomes and deuterostomes

Answer 31

- protostomes mouth forms first then anus, this is the opposite for deuterostomes - protostomes have spiral cleavage and deuterostomes have radial cleavage - Devlopment of each cell is fixed in protostomes and in deuterostomes have different cell types - the body cavity on protostomes form by splitting tissue while body forms through pouches that bud off in deuterostomes

Question 32

what are the basics of mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 32

- essential partners in symbiotic relationships they form with roots of plants - provide ability to absorb more water, nutrients, and minerals for plants - improve soil structure

Question 33

in process of alternation of generation, which generation is haploid or diploid and what does it produce

Answer 33

Gametophyte - haploid - produces gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis Sporophyte - diploid - produces spores by meiosis

Question 34

what circulatory system is best for large animals

Answer 34

closed

Question 35

are seeds also referred to as spores true or false

Answer 35

false

Question 36

what is the main difference between suspension and deposit feeders/feeding

Answer 36

Suspension feeders filter small food particles from the water column, while deposit feeders consume organic material from the substrate (soil or sand)

Question 37

what kingdom or domain are prokaryotes in

Answer 37

bacteria and archaea

Question 38

long, branching fungal filaments are what

Answer 38

hyphae - found in forms of mycelium

Question 39

what is the distinguishing factor of chemotrophs vs autotrophs

Answer 39

chemotrophs - energy source obtained from oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds - carbon source= use CO2 or C autotrophs - energy source= from sunlight - carbon source= inorganic carbon (CO2)

Question 40

what are the fungi called that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter

Answer 40

saprophytic

Question 41

in fungi, a diploid zygote is formed when male spore fertilizes female spore true or false

Answer 41

false

Question 42

how do biologists put fungi into the four main groups (what is it based on)

Answer 42

sexual reproductive structures

Question 43

what stage of basidiomycetes life cycle would reproduction be halted if enzyme prevented fusion of hyphae was introduced

Answer 43

plasmogamy

Question 44

where do chemotrophic bacteria get their carbon and energy source from

Answer 44

energy= oxidation of electron donors carbon= organic and inorganic compounds

Question 45

where do the light capturing reactions of photosynthesis take place in plants

Answer 45

thylakoid membranes

Question 46

what fact explains why most plants will grow a lot faster when they can from mycorrhizal associations with fungi

Answer 46

- enhanced nutrient absorption - increase access to water - improve soil structure - protect plants from pathogens - increased growth hormones