Biodiversity Week 1

Question 1

biodiversity

Answer 1

biological diversity

Question 2

genetic diversity

Answer 2

total genetic information contained within all individuals of a population, species, or group of species

Question 3

what is genetic diversity measured as

Answer 3

number and relative frequencies of all genes present in sample

Question 4

genome sequencing

Answer 4

sequences entire genome of multiple members of same species

Question 5

environmental sequencing

Answer 5

sequences all/most of environmental DNA present in a sample taken from soil or water present in habitat

Question 6

what are the types of diversity

Answer 6

genetic
species
ecosystem

Question 7

what are the two processes to understand genetic diversity

Answer 7

genome sequencing
environmental sequencing

Question 8

what are the measures of diversity

Answer 8

• richness
• evenness
• number

Question 9

how is species diversity quantified

Answer 9

1. species richness
2. species diversity

Question 10

species richness

Answer 10

count how many species are present in a defined area

Question 11

species diversity

Answer 11

weighted measure that incorporates both species richness and evenness

Question 12

evenness

Answer 12

relative abundance of each species present

Question 13

for a given species richness, when is species diversity high

Answer 13

if evenness is high
- all species have comparable abundance

Question 14

what is the new technique for identifying species

Answer 14

DNA barcoding
- use of well characterized gene sequences to distinguish species

Question 15

phylogenetic diversity

Answer 15

measure evolutionary distinctiveness among species in a community (phylogenetic tree)

Question 16

functional diversity

Answer 16

measure of diversity in ecosystems based on variety of functional traits present
example= keystone predators

Question 17

ecosystem diversity

Answer 17

structural and functional variety of biotic components in a region with abiotic components
- measure of these complex factors with abiotic environment

Question 18

what is the most difficult level of biodiversity to measure and why?

Answer 18

ecosystem diversity because the complexity is so vast

Question 19

ecosystem function

Answer 19

sum of biological and chemical processes that are characteristic of a given ecosystem
- intertwined with concept ecosystem

Question 20

how do ecosystem functions emerge

Answer 20

sum of feeding, growing, moving, respiring, excreting, and decomposing processes of interacting member organisms

Question 21

are the three level of biodiversity independent of one another

Answer 21

no

Question 22

what is the estimated amount of species today

Answer 22

1.5 million

Question 23

taxon specific surveys

Answer 23

conduct intensive search for a specific taxon in a well-defined area

Question 24

all taxa surveys

Answer 24

attempt to find and catalog all the species present in an area

Question 25

what is one of the most common strategies to map global biodiversity data q

Answer 25

divide world's land area into a grid of parcels and plot number of species that occurs in each parcel

Question 26

what are some of the trends found in different taxonomic groups

Answer 26

- most prominent pattern corresponds to latitude - biodiversity is higher on land than sea - areas with greater geographical variation have higher biodiversity

Question 27

what variables are being studied to see metrics of diversity map out

Answer 27

- number of endemic species - phylogenetic diversity - functional diversity

Question 28

endemic species

Answer 28

species that are found in a particular area and nowhere else

Question 29

biodiversity hotspot

Answer 29

region that is especially rich in species and also highly threatened by human activities

Question 30

what are the two main criteria for the 35 hotspots identified

Answer 30

1. contain at least 1500 endemic vascular plant species 2. have lost at least 70% of primary vegetation

Question 31

what does biodiversity increase

Answer 31

productivity - source of chemical energy

Question 32

resistance

Answer 32

measure of the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

Question 33

resilience

Answer 33

measure of how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

Question 34

what happens to resilience of species-rich areas following a disturbance

Answer 34

usually more resistance

Question 35

what are the benefits of biodiversity

Answer 35

- increased productivity - increased resistance - increased resilience

Question 36

ecosystem services

Answer 36

all the benefits that humans derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem functions

Question 37

what are some of the services nature provides

Answer 37

- provisioning - regulating - cultural - supporting

Question 38

provisioning services

Answer 38

wild species that have provided the raw material to fuel development of human societies

Question 39

what is an example of provisioning services

Answer 39

- food - fuel - medicines

Question 40

bioprospecting

Answer 40

effort to find commercially useful compounds by studying organisms

Question 41

regulating services

Answer 41

services provided by functioning ecosystems

Question 42

example of regulating services

Answer 42

- soil formation - flood control

Question 43

cultural services

Answer 43

- ways people integrate nature into their lives and cultural ways

Question 44

examples of cultural services

Answer 44

- artistic celebrations - spiritual contemplation - recreation

Question 45

supporting services

Answer 45

support all other categories of services - primary productivity

Question 46

examples of supporting services

Answer 46

- primary productivity - pollination - pest control

Question 47

increase species diversity does what to resistance

Answer 47

increases

Question 48

normative

Answer 48

conservation biology

Question 49

what are the mathematical ways to quantify diversity

Answer 49

- Shannon index - simpson index