Biodiversity Week 2 Part 1

Question 1

why are most cells making ATP all the time

Answer 1

because it is unstable and is not stored

Question 2

how do cells obtain glucose

Answer 2

Photosynthetic organisms that produce glucose are eaten or decompose, giving glucose molecules to those who obtained the photosynthetic organism

Question 3

what are storage carbs

Answer 3

• starch
• glycogen
• act like savings account for chemical energy

Question 4

how do you withdrawal chemical energy from the “accounts”

Answer 4

• storage carbs are first hydrolyzed into glucose monomers
• glucose then produced through two processes

Question 5

what are the two pathways to produce ATP

Answer 5

• cellular respiration
• fermentation

Question 6

what happens when glucose undergoes the uncontrolled oxidation reaction

Answer 6

much of the potential energy stored in chemical bonds is converted to kinetic energy in form of heat and light

Question 7

what is the cellular respiration equation

Answer 7

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Heat and light

Question 8

how is glucose oxidized in cells

Answer 8

through controlled redox reactions

Question 9

how is the energy stored in glucose as heat released

Answer 9

much of it is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 10

How do fermentation and cellular respiration differ

Answer 10

• cellular respiration results in complete oxidation of carbons in glucose to CO2
• fermentation does not fully oxidize glucose

Question 11

which process is better at harvesting more energy from glucose

Answer 11

cellular respiration

Question 12

what are the four processes that convert chemical energy in glucose to chemically energy in ATP

Answer 12

1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate processing
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

glycolysis

Answer 13

• one six carbon molecule of glucose broken into two molecules of three carbon pyruvate
• ATP is produced from ADP and Pi
• NAD+ reduced to form NADH

Question 14

NAD+

Answer 14

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 15

pyruvate processing

Answer 15

• each pyruvate release one molecule of CO2
• remaining two carbons used to form acetyl CoA
• oxidation of pyruvate results in more NAD+ reduced to NADH

Question 16

citric acid cycle

Answer 16

• two carbons for each acetyl CoA are oxidized to two molecules of CO2
• more ATP and NADH produced
• FAD reduced to form FADH2

Question 17

FAD

Answer 17

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 18

electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 18

• electrons produced from NADH and FADH2 move through series of electron carriers (ETC)
• energy obtained from this redox reaction is used to create protein gradient across membrane

Question 19

ETC

Answer 19

electron transport chain

Question 20

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 20

production of ATP molecules by ATP synthase using protein gradient

Question 21

cellular respiration

Answer 21

any set of reaction that use electrons harvested from high energy molecules to produce ATP via an electron transport chain

Question 22

catabolic pathways

Answer 22

set of reactions that break down molecules
- harvest stored chemical energy to produce ATP

Question 23

anabolic pathways

Answer 23

set of reactions that synthesize larger molecules from smaller components
- use energy in form of ATP

Question 24

homeostasis

Answer 24

regulating key reactions in catabolic and anabolic pathways so cell is able to maintain internal enviroment even under different environmental conditions

Question 25

how does variation occur

Answer 25

1. gene transfer 2. morphology 3. metabolism

Question 26

what are the three ways gene transfer occurs

Answer 26

1. transformation: bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from environment 2. transduction: viruses pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell & transfer to another cell 3. conjugation: transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact

Question 27

what is conjugation followed by

Answer 27

plasmid transfer

Question 28

what can also result from conjugation

Answer 28

genetic recombination - plasmid that becomes integrated into main bacterial chromosome is copied & transferred

Question 29

what are the two highlights about bacterial "sex"

Answer 29

1. one way transfer of genetic material 2. transfer is limited to a plasmid or small portion of genes in main chromosome

Question 30

bacteria size, shape, and motility

Answer 30

- size: range in size from small to large - shape and arrangement: filaments, spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals. Arranged in chains usually - motility: motile, swimming movements caused by rotating flagella that spin like a propeller (gliding or tumble)

Question 31

what is the main difference of the composition of the plasma membrane and cell wall of bacteria

Answer 31

have unique compound called peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Question 32

how do biologists distinguish between two general types of cell wall

Answer 32

gram staining

Question 33

what colors do gram negative and positive show

Answer 33

gram negative= pink gram positive= blue

Question 34

gram positive

Answer 34

- plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan - no outer phospholipid layer

Question 35

gram negative

Answer 35

- have plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall that has thin layer containing peptidoglycan and outer phospholipid bilayer

Question 36

what two fundamental Nutrional needs does every organism need

Answer 36

- acquiring chemical energy that can be used to make ATP - obtaining molecules with carbon-carbon bonds

Question 37

what three ways do bacteria and archaea acquire energy to produce ATP

Answer 37

1. phototrophs: use light energy to excite electrons 2. chemoorganotrophs: oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy 3. chemolithotrophs: oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy

Question 38

how do bacteria obtain their carbon-carbon bonds

Answer 38

1. autotrophs: synthesize their own compounds 2. heterotrophs: absorb ready to use organic compounds produced by other organisms

Question 39

where is the ETC located in bacteria and archaea

Answer 39

plasma membrane

Question 40

what are prokaryotes that can use almost any compound with high potential energy

Answer 40

electron donor

Question 41

what are prokaryotes that can use almost any compound with low potential energy

Answer 41

electron acceptor

Question 42

what does fermentation not require

Answer 42

ETC

Question 43

photophosphorylation

Answer 43

production of ATP by ATP synthase using proton motive force generated by 1. light excited electrons flow through ETC 2. absorbed light energy to pump protons across plasma membrane

Question 44

use water as source of electrons complete

Answer 44

oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 45

use other molecule than water as source of electrons complete

Answer 45

anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 46

methanotrophs

Answer 46

use methane as carbon source

Question 47

methanogens

Answer 47

produce methane as by-product of cellular respiration

Question 48

nitrogen fixation

Answer 48

incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia which can be used to make many organic compounds

Question 48

what were the first organisms to preform oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 48

cyanobacteria - responsible for fundamental change in atmosphere

Question 49

nitrogen cycle

Answer 49

movement of nitrogen among abiotic and biotic reservoirs in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems - bacteria and archaea are responsible for driving this