Biodiversity Week 2 Part 3

Question 1

how does energy enter ecosystems

Answer 1

via primary producers

Question 2

autotrophs

Answer 2

organisms that can synthesize their own food from inorganic sources

Question 3

do primary producers create energy

Answer 3

no, they transform energy in sunlight of inorganic compounds into chemical energy stored in organic molecules

Question 4

gross primary productivity

Answer 4

total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period

Question 5

how do primary producers use GPP chemical energy

Answer 5

1. cellular respiration
2. growth and reproduction

Question 6

net primary productivity

Answer 6

energy that is invested by primary producers in building new tissue or offspring

Question 7

what links these concepts together (NPP, GPP)

Answer 7

• energy is lost from primary producers during processes as molecular waste and heat without being used

NPP=GPP-R

Question 8

what does NPP represent

Answer 8

total amount of chemical energy that is stored in organic material
- biomass
- amount of energy available via primary producers to other organisms

Question 9

about how much of GPP go to NPP

Answer 9

45%

Question 10

what is the other 55% used for

Answer 10

cellular respiration
lost from organism as heat

Question 11

what is the flow of energy

Answer 11

• Comsumers eat living organisms
• primary consumers eat primary producers
• secondary consumers eat primary consumers
• tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers

Question 12

when does energy flow

Answer 12

when one organism eats another

Question 13

does energy continuously cycle

Answer 13

no, it is lost as heat
- nutrients continues to cycle

Question 14

what is a trophic level

Answer 14

a feeding level in an ecosystem

Question 15

food chain

Answer 15

focuses on one possible pathway of energy flow among trophic levels in an ecosystem

Question 16

grazing food chain

Answer 16

ecological network of primary producers, herbivores, and the predators that consume them

Question 17

decomposer food chain

Answer 17

ecological network of detritus, decomposers that eat detritus, and predators of the decomposers

Question 18

primary decomposer

Answer 18

decomposer that consumes detritus from plants

Question 19

what would a complete food web include

Answer 19

all the organisms interacting in the ecosystem along with estimates of amount of energy transferred at each link

Question 20

what pattern do all ecosystems share

Answer 20

total biomass produced each year declines from lower trophic levels up to higher levels

Question 21

productivity

Answer 21

rate

Question 22

efficiency

Answer 22

dimensionless ratio

Question 23

what is a rough estimate of the efficiency of biomass transfer from one trophic level to the next

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

where does the biomass go that is not transferred

Answer 24

released as carbon dioxide and waste

Question 25

where does chemical energy go that is not transferred

Answer 25

dissipated as heat

Question 26

what type of mammals are more efficient at producing biomass

Answer 26

large mammals

Question 27

biomagnification

Answer 27

increase in concertation of heavier metals in consumer at higher levels in a food chain

Question 28

when is NPP higher

Answer 28

on land because more light is available to drive photosynthesis

Question 29

which terrestrial ecosystems are most productive

Answer 29

located in wet tropics

Question 30

which marine ecosystems are most productive

Answer 30

highest along coastlines because the shallow water along coats receives more nutrients - algal beds - coral reefs - wetlands - estuaries

Question 31

about how much NPP are humans currently preventing

Answer 31

24%

Question 32

what are the nutrient acquisition methods

Answer 32

- phagocytosis - pinocytosis - absorption

Question 33

absorption

Answer 33

cells take up small organic molecules directly from environment

Question 34

selective uptake

Answer 34

- proteins in plasma membranes - specific proteins in plasma membranes of cells responsible for reorganizing and transporting particular nutrients

Question 35

active transport energy requirement

Answer 35

- absorption requires ATP to move nutrients against concentration gradients

Question 36

metabolic diversity of bacteria and archaea

Answer 36

wide range of metabolic pathways - able to absorb and utilize organic and inorganic compounds

Question 37

what do cotransporters use to bring glucose to the cell

Answer 37

use electrochemical gradient of sodium ions

Question 38

what are the key points to absorption process

Answer 38

- highly selective - energy dependent - metabolic diversity

Question 39

phagocytosis

Answer 39

cell eating - used for large particles or cells

Question 40

what is the process of phagocytosis

Answer 40

cell's membrane surrounds a smaller cell or food particle

Question 41

what is formed from the process of phagocytosis surrounding a cell

Answer 41

phagosome

Question 42

what is fused together in phagocytosis

Answer 42

phagosome is delivered to lysosome and their membranes fuse

Question 43

how does digestion occur in phagocytosis

Answer 43

contents of phagosome are digested by enzymes in lysosome

Question 44

pinocytosis

Answer 44

- cell drinking - used for fluids and dissolved substances

Question 45

how does the process of pinocytosis engulf fluid

Answer 45

- cell's plasma membrane pinches to form small vesicles - vesicles contain extracellular fluid and dissolved substances

Question 46

how are the vesicles of pinocytosis form

Answer 46

invagination of plasma membrane

Question 47

internalization step of pinocytosis

Answer 47

vesicles move into cell and contents can then be processed