Chapter 22

Question 1

populations

Answer 1

individuals of same species and in same area at same time

Question 2

typological thinking

Answer 2

higher being created type and types doesn’t change

Question 3

what type of ideologies does typological thinking fall under

Answer 3

religious

Question 4

what two people followed the concept of typological thinking

Answer 4

Plato and Aristotle

Question 5

Lamarckian evolution

Answer 5

species are not static but change throughout time and individuals can change

Question 6

what aspect of Lamarckian evolution is false

Answer 6

individuals can change; as an individual develops so does their phenotype in response to challenges in environment and passes changes to offspring

Question 7

what is an example of Lamarckian evolution

Answer 7

giraffes develop long necks as they stretch to eat and produce offspring with longer necks (FALSE)

Question 8

Darwinian evolution

Answer 8

populations can change

Question 9

how did Darwinian evolution differ from Lamarckian

Answer 9

Darwin described that traits vary among individuals in population and individuals with certain traits leave more offspring than others

Question 10

population thinking

Answer 10

variation among individuals

Question 11

what are the basic concepts of Darwinian evolution

Answer 11

• species change through time
• population thinking
• mechanism could account for change and make predictions

Question 12

how did Darwin describe evolution

Answer 12

descent with modification

Question 13

what are the 2 types of evidence to support the predictions about nature of species

Answer 13

1. species change through time
2. species are related by a common ancestor

Question 14

what was the conclusion after scientist discovered that there were different species in different layers of rock

Answer 14

extinction

Question 15

are evolutionary transitions goal oriented

Answer 15

no

Question 16

what was the “idea of succession”

Answer 16

extinct forms and living forms were related

Question 17

what is an example of transitional feature

Answer 17

gradual change over time from aquatic animals with fins to terrestrial animals with limbs

Question 18

how could vestigial traits be explained via inheritance of aquired characteristics

Answer 18

some individuals must have lost traits during their lifetimes and passed reduced traits down to offspring

Question 19

what are the 3 levels of homology

Answer 19

1. genetic
2. developmental
3. structural

Question 20

what are species living today descendants of

Answer 20

species that lived in the past

Question 21

why are DNA sequences of chimps and humans so similar

Answer 21

share a recent ancestor

Question 22

what kind of evidence would support hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs

Answer 22

transitional fossil dinosaurs with feathers and share many homologous traits

Question 23

what were Darwins postulates

Answer 23

1. variation in individual traits in a population
2. some traits are inheritable
3. survival and reproduction are variable
4. subset of individuals that survive and reproduce is not random

Question 24

what is essential in a population for evolution to occur

Answer 24

variation

Question 25

how can you measure fitness

Answer 25

by comparing # of surviving offspring each individual produces

Question 26

is acclimatation heritable?

Answer 26

no, it is an adaptation

Question 27

George Russel Wallace

Answer 27

- concurrent to Darwin - deferred to Darwin

Question 28

George Cuvier

Answer 28

- geologist - different species in different layers of rock - extinction

Question 29

Thomas Malthus

Answer 29

- human populations who growth increases when food is populous - how populations grow

Question 30

what is the tier of life

Answer 30

cells tissues organs organisms---species (change thru time) populations communities ecosystems biomes plant Earth

Question 31

what is fitness relative to

Answer 31

individuals environment and other organisms

Question 32

does natural selection change individuals

Answer 32

no, only the population changes

Question 33

is natural selection goal directed

Answer 33

no, mutations occur by chance NOT on purpose

Question 34

is evolution progressive

Answer 34

no

Question 35

does natural selection lead to perfection

Answer 35

no, fitness trade-offs exist

Question 36

what type of constraints are traits in

Answer 36

1. historically- all traits evolve from previous traits 2. environmentally- abiotic and biotic features 3. generally- evolution of one trait can be constrained by another

Question 37

what unit of the biology hierarchy evolves

Answer 37

population

Question 38

how do you define fitness and adaptation a biological context

Answer 38

- fitness is the ability to survive and reproduce successfully - adaptation is an inherited trait that helps to increase fitness

Question 39

what is the modern summary of natural selection

Answer 39

(1)Heritable variation leads to (2)differential reproductive success

Question 40

what are the 8 areas of evidence for evolution

Answer 40

1. vastness of geological time 2. extinction changes the species over time 3. transitional features link older and younger species 4. vestigial traits 5. species can be observed changing 6. similar species are found in same geographic area 7. related species share homologies 8. formation of new species from preexisting species can be observed

Question 41

explain the phrase "mutation proposes, selection disposes"

Answer 41

- mutation allows for possible increase or decrease in fitness and natural selection disposes the individuals and traits that cause decreased fitness - mutations are the source of variation

Question 42

what are the other processes of evolution

Answer 42

- natural selection - artificial selection - mutation - nonrandom mating - genetic drift - gene flow