What is Hooliganism?
Hooliganism is disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events.
Why does Hooliganism Occur?
. Rivalries
. Media (hype)
. Alcohol/drugs
. Gang culture
. Frustration
. Display of masculinity
What is home-field advantage?
The psychological advantage that the home team has over the visiting team as a result of playing in familiar facilities and in front of supportive fans
What is local rivalry as a reason for hooliganism?
Derby matches and the fierce rivalry that goes with them can inflame passions and often cause fans to act aggressively and violently towards each other.
What is media (hype) as a reason for hooliganism?
The Media often raises the profile (hypes) of big games and prints headlines and stories that could incite violence among fans.
What is alcohol/drug consumption as a reason for hooliganism?
Hooliganism is often linked to increased alcohol consumption by fans. Alcohol lessens people’s inhibitions and makes them more open to suggestions, which could lead to violence.
What is tribal/gang culture as a reason for hooliganism?
Often, Hooliganism occurs because one set of fans believes they are protecting their ‘turf’ or area from another set of fans. This often leads to predetermined organised violence between fans.
What is frustration as a reason for hooliganism?
Sometimes Hooliganism can occur through fan frustration, about their team’s performance, the referee or things happening at the club.
What is masculinity as a reason for hooliganism?
Hooliganism, by some, can be seen as a sign of masculinity, where people need to prove themselves to a group.
What are the different methods of combating hooliganism?
. Travel restrictions/Banning orders
. Alcohol restrictions
. Early kick-offs
. All-seater stadia
. Segregation of fans
. Improved security (policing/stewarding)
. Introduction of CCTV
. Educational/Promotional campaigns/role models
How do travel restrictions/banning orders help combat hooliganism?
Preventing known hooligans from travelling to matches by making them report to police stations during match times,/Banning them from football grounds
How do alcohol restrictions combat hooliganism?
Since alcohol is not served in most football grounds, police may force local pubs to close early to prevent alcohol consumption.
How do early kick-offs combat hooliganism?
To prevent excessive alcohol consumption
How do all-seater stadia combat hooliganism?
Reduces the ability of people to move within a stand and allows better control over ticket location.
How does the segregation of fans combat hooliganism?
Segregating fans travel to and from games as well as in stadia means rival fans cannot get physically close to each other.
How does improved security help combat hooliganism?
A larger police and stewarding presence + better training for stewards, improves crowd control and can lower tension.
How does the introduction of CCTV help combat hooliganism?
CCTV cameras at the grounds mean that more information is gathered about individuals involved in hooliganism, and known hooligans can be identified and prevented from entering.
How do education/promotional campaigns/role models help combat hooliganism?
Football authorities have used high-profile role models to appeal for better supporter behaviour and educate fans about the dangers and problems caused by hooliganism. Example ‘Kick racism out of football’ campaign.
How does punishing clubs combat hooliganism?
Poor behaviour by supporters can result in the sports club being fined, removed from competitions or forced to play matches away or behind closed doors
What are the problems of travel restrictions/banning orders when trying to combat hooliganism?
. Authorities need to create a list of troublemakers and know their locations
. This costs a lot of money
What are the problems of alcohol restrictions when trying to combat hooligansim?
. Local pubs may lose money if they are forced to close early
What are the problems of all-seater stadia when trying to combat hooligansim?
. It costs a lot of money to introduce these facilities
What are the problems of segregating fans when trying to combat hooliganism?
. The cost of policing/stewarding
. The home team will lose money as they will have empty seats
between fans and may not sell out the away side
What are the problems of improved security (police/stewarding) when trying to combat hooliganism?
. High cost to the club of policing home matches (approx. £1million a year for a Premier League football club)
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Chapter 1a : Applied Anatomy and Physiology34
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Chapter 1b: Cardio-respiratory system27
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Chapter 1c: Anaerobic and aerobic exercise16
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Chapter 2: Movement Analysis27
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Chapter 3: Health and Fitness24
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Chapter 3: Principles and types of training14
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Chapter 4: Sports Psychology34
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Chapter 4: Continuation...15
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Chapter 5a: Socio-cultural influences32
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Chapter 5b: Commercialisation of physical activity and sport31
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Chapter 5b: Continuation...17
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Chapter 5c: Ethical Issues42
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Chapter 5c: Continuation...25
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Chapter 6: Health and fitness29
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Chapter 6: Continuation...18
