Chapter 6

Question 1

skull, spine, hyoid and rib cages

Answer 1

axial skeleton

Question 2

bones of upper and lower limbs

Answer 2

appendicular skeleton

Question 3

illium, ischium

Answer 3

pelvic girdle

Question 4

scapula, clavicle

Answer 4

pectoral girdle

Question 5

longer than wide, upper and lower limbs

Answer 5

long bone

Question 6

cube shaped, wrist, metacarpals, ankle

Answer 6

short bone

Question 7

thin, flattened shape, skull, scapulae, sternum

Answer 7

flat bone

Question 8

varied shapes, vertebrae and facial bones

Answer 8

irregular bone

Question 9

circular, patella

Answer 9

round bone

Question 10

large sugars that are attached to proteins and store large amounts of water

Answer 10

proteoglycans

Question 11

rope like protein, joints have cartilage containing this

Answer 11

collagen

Question 12

dense irregular connective tissue, contains blood vessels and nerves, covers bones outer surface

Answer 12

periosteum

Question 13

ends of bone, spongy tissue

Answer 13

epiphysis

Question 14

central shaft, main portion of long bone, compact tissue

Answer 14

diaphysis

Question 15

rigid elements of the skeleton meet here, join bone to bone, most flexible points of any skeleton

Answer 15

articulation

Question 16

site of growth in long bones, composed of hylaine cartilage, between diaphysis and epiphysis, fuses to this when growth ends

Answer 16

epithelial plate/line

Question 17

center of diaphysis, filled with red or yellow marrow

Answer 17

medullary cavity

Question 18

thin connective tissue membrane that lines medullary cavity

Answer 18

endosteum

Question 19

consists of blood

Answer 19

red marrow

Question 20

consists of fat

Answer 20

yellow marrow

Question 21

forms diaphysis of long bones, composed of osteons

Answer 21

compact bone

Question 22

forms epiphyses of long bone, medullary cavity of other bones, lighter and no osteons.

Answer 22

spongy bone

Question 23

form strong lacy network with many small marrow filled spaces, avascular

Answer 23

trabeculae

Question 24

structural units of compact bone, sheets of bone wrapped upon itself

Answer 24

osteon

Question 25

unspecialized cells present in perosteum, endosteum and central canal

Answer 25

osteoprogenitor cell

Question 26

cell with single nucleus, builds up one

Answer 26

osteoblasts

Question 27

bones are first modeled in hyaline cartilage, then replaced gradually by bone. all bones form this way from the skull down (except clavicles)

Answer 27

enchocondral ossification

Question 28

bones form between fibrous connective tissue without being modeled by cartilage, skull, lateral clavicles.

Answer 28

intramembraneous ossification

Question 29

osteoblasts add more matrix to outer surface of bone, causes increase in bone width, makes bone thicker and stronger

Answer 29

appositonal growth

Question 30

bone is broken, blood vessels are damaged and bleed, clot forms. 6-8 hours

Answer 30

hematoma

Question 31

2-3 days after break, fibrocartilage fills space between broken bone

Answer 31

fibrocartilaginous callus

Question 32

osteoblasts enter callus and form spongy bone, 3-4 months

Answer 32

bony callus

Question 33

osteoblasts build new compact bone, osteoclasts reabsorb spongy bone and create new medullary cavity

Answer 33

remodeling

Question 34

secreted by parathyroid if blood calcium is too low

Answer 34

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 35

secreted by thyroid if blood calcium is too high

Answer 35

Calcitonin

Question 36

bone broken through and separated into two parts

Answer 36

complete fracture

Question 37

if bone is not completely separated

Answer 37

incomplete fracture

Question 38

the bone does not pierce skin

Answer 38

simple fracture

Question 39

bone pierces skin

Answer 39

compound fracture

Question 40

broken ends of bone are wedged into each other

Answer 40

impacted fracture

Question 41

ragged break due to twisting of bone

Answer 41

spiral fracture

Question 42

no joint cavity, little to no movement, cranium

Answer 42

fibrous articulations

Question 43

joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage, no joint activity, only slightly movable, like on spine

Answer 43

carilaginous articulations

Question 44

joint eggs, freely movable, fluid filled cavity

Answer 44

synovial articulation

Question 45

lined with synovial membrane, produced synovial fluid,

Answer 45

joint cavity

Question 46

cells in osteons, previously osteoblasts now surrounded by bone

Answer 46

osteocytes

Question 47

uric acid cells deposit into joints

Answer 47

gout

Question 48

autoimmune disease which leads to inflammation in synovial membrane

Answer 48

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 49

caused by deterioration of articular cartilage

Answer 49

osteoarthritis

Question 50

thinning bones

Answer 50

osteoporosis