Chapter 6-Immuno and Hypersensitivity Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What are Langerhans cells
A
Immature dendritic cells in the epidermis
2
Q
What is the high affinity receptor on Mast cells and basophils
A
FcER1
3
Q
How many days after antigen exposure does inflammation occur in type 3 hypersensitivity
A
10
4
Q
What are the characteristics of the Ig alpha (CD79 alpha and beta) and beta in the BCR complex
A
Invariant proteins responsible for the signal transduction into the cell
5
Q
What are drugs that can activate mast cells
A
Codeine, morphine, adenosine, melittin (in bee venom)
6
Q
What are the characteristics of the autoimmune diseases
A
Chronic, with relapses and remissions, and damage is progressive
7
Q
Innate immune receptors target what general characteristics of PAMPS on microbes
A
Microbial components that are essential for infectivity and thus can not be mutated to evade recognition
8
Q
What disease is associated with HLA-B27
A
Ankylosis spondylitis
9
Q
Many autoimmune diseases are associated with which HLA alleles
A
Class 2
10
Q
What percentage of cells do natural killer (NK) cells make up in peripheral lymphocytes
A
5 to 10%
11
Q
What percentage of reactions are nonatopic allergies
A
20-30% of immediate hypersensitivity
12
Q
What are plasmablasts
A
Antibody secreting cells in the peripheral blood
13
Q
How does the crosslinking in mast cells lead to compound production
A
1) Cross linking activated phospholipase A2
2) PL A2 take phospholipids into arachidonic acid
3) Activation of prostaglandin and leukotriene pathways
14
Q
What is the gene that is most commonly associated with autoimmune diseases
A
PTPN22 (because the association with RA)
15
Q
What are the primary costimulatory molecules for T cells
A
Binding of CD28 on T cells with B7/ CD80/86 on APCS
16
Q
What cytokines activate NK cells and what are their function
A
IL2, 15 (Stimulate proliferation-NK from T line)
IL-12 (killing and IFN-gamma secretion)
17
Q
What genes are located in 5q31
A
IL 4, 5, 9, 13, GM-CSF all which have a higher relation to asthma
18
Q
What is the purpose of proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfate) in mast cells
A
Helps to package and store the amines
19
Q
Which portion of MHC 2 does CD4 bind to
A
Beta 2
20
Q
T helper cells use and stimulate other cells via which mechanism
A
Cytokines with CD40L binding to CD40 on APCs
21
Q
What is occurring during the deposition of immune complexes
A
Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited into tissue. These complexes are of medium size, formed in slight antigen excess, and most pathogenic
22
Q
What are the characteristics of the TCR
A
Noncovalent linked polypeptides (6 total)
CD3 and zeta chains are invariant (identical) in all cells
23
Q
Where are C-type Lectin receptors (CTRs) located and what is their ligand
A
Expressed on the plasma membrane of macrophages and dendritic cells, where they detect fungal glycans
24
Q
Inflamasome activation activates which caspase to form which product
A
Caspase 1 to produce IL-1
25
What receptors are not expressed on NK cells, and what kind of granules do they have
No TCRs or Igs, but contain azurophilic granules
26
What are the two receptors that help to limit autoreactive T cells
- CTLA4
| - PD1
27
What are the characteristics of the late phase reaction of type 1 hypersensitivity
Infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes and CD4 T cells
28
In lymph nodes, where are the T cells located
Paracortex, next to the follicles
29
What are the likely sites of antigen-antibody complexes to be deposited
Where blood is filtered at high pressure into urine and synovial fluid, aka joints and glomeruli
30
What are the three phases in Type 3 hypersensitivity
1) Formation of immune complexes
2) Deposition of Immune complexes
3) Inflammation and tissue damage
31
Where are mature T cells found
Blood and T cell zones of lymphoid tissue
32
What are the four circumstances where Ab mediated cell destruction and phagocytosis result in type 2 hypersensitivity
1) Transfusion reaction
2) Erythroblastosis fetalis
3) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4) Drug reactions
33
What is a trigger for bronchial asthma
Viral infections
34
What are the characteristics of the MHC 1 chains
- Polymorphic alpha chain
| - Nonpolymorphic beta2 chain
35
If a T cell expresses BIM, what likely happened
It was a self reactive T cells that is signaled to undergo apoptosis
36
What are the domanent cells of chronic inflammation
Macrophages
37
What are the characteristics of the MHC 2 chains
Alpha and beta are both polymorphic
38
For MHC1, which regions make up the peptide binding cleft
Alpha 1 and alpha 2
39
What is the timing fro the immediate reaction in type 1 hypersensitivity
Within minutes of allergen exposure
40
What is that cause of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)
Mutations in the FAS receptor gene
41
What are the 4 major types of innate immune receptors
1) TLRs
2) NOD like receptors (NLRs)
3) C-type Lectin receptors (CLRs)
4) Rig-like receptors (RLRs)
42
What is CD21
Complement receptor 2 (CR2)
43
What is the timing of the late phase reaction in type 1 hypersensitivity
2 to 24 hours without the need of antigen exposure
44
What are the results of the enzymes released by granules in mast cells
Tissue damage, Kinin production, activation of complement proteins
45
What tends to be higher in atopy individuals
IgE and Th2 levels
46
What is the result of vasoactive amines being released
1) Smooth Muscle Contraction
2) Increased vascular permeability
3) mucus secretion of nasal, bronchial, and gastric
47
What is the significance of N-formylmethionyl
Initiates the transcription/creation of proteins in bacteria and mitochondria. Allows recognition of bacterial proteins and chemotaxis to them
48
Where are RIG-like receptors (RLRs) located and what are their ligands
Located in the cytoplasm of most cells where they detect viral nucleic acids and prevent replication
49
What is the condition of erythroblastosis fetalis
Antigenic difference between the mother and fetus, where the IgG antierythrocyte antibodies of the mother crosses the placenta and lysis fetal RBCs
50
What is the function of autoimmune regulator
Aka AIRE, which stimulates expression of self antigen
51
What is the role of prostaglandin D2 in the type 1 immediate hypersensitive reaction
Most abundant cyclooxygenase product and produces intense bronchospasms and mucus production
52
What are the enzymes released by mast cells
```
Neutral proteases (Chymase, tryptase)
Acid hydrolases
```
53
What is responsible for the adhesion of T cells to APCs
Integrins
54
What do the HLA for MHC1 code for
The polymorphic portion of the Alpha chains
55
What is occuring in the formation of immune complex during type 3 hypersensitivity reactions
Protein antigen triggers an immune response, where about a week later, antibodies are made and form the antigen-antibody complex
56
What are systemic autoimmune diseases usually involving and what are the alternative names for it
Usually involve blood vessels and connective tissue. This leads to the alternative name of collagen vascular disease or connective tissue disorder
57
What is the function of the alpha3 portion of MHC1
It is nonpolymorphic and binds to CD8
58
What is the cause of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy
Mutations in the AIRE gene
59
How was peptides processed for MHC1 molecules
Cytosolic proteins are taken up and transported into the ER, where they are bound to freshly synthesized MHC
60
What determines being prone to immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Genetics
61
What percentage of T cells are CD4+
60%
62
What are the three requirements for something to be considered a autoimmune diease
1) Presence of immune reaction specific for self antigen or tissue
2) Evidence of damage is the primary pathogenic condition
3) Absence of any other well defined disease
63
What size of stimulus is required to illicit system anaphylaxis
Small amounts, where even skin testing amounts can trigger
64
What are the receptors that are characteristic of Natural killer cells (NKs)
1) CD16 (Fc receptor for IgG)
| 2) CD56
65
What type of cells have the antigen receptor genes and which cell lines have rearranged expression
All cells have the antigen receptors in the germline, but only immune cells express them, and only B/T lines have rearranged antigen receptors
66
What are the two major products of eosinophils and what are their functions
Major basic protein, cationic protein which both damage tissue
67
What is nonatopic allergy
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to non-antigenic stimuli, ugh as extreme temperatures and exercise. This does not involve IgE or Th2 cells
68
Where do plasma cells reside
Bone marrow and lymphoid tissue because they do not need to migrate to infection sites
69
A defective PTPN22 results in disease via which mechanism
Defective Protein tyrosine phosphatase can not remove phosphate from tyrosines, so tyrosine kinases run unchecked and result in excessive lymphocyte activation
70
What is the primary mechanism responsible for depletion of cells coated with Abs
Phagocytosis
71
What are the triggers for activation of mast cells
Cross linking of IgE, C5a, C3a (aka anaphylatoxins), IL-8, drugs, and physical stimuli
72
Which lymph node is responsible for the responses to blood borne antigens
Spleen
73
What are the cytokines that cause THelpers to differentiate into Th17
IL1, 7, 23(close relative of 12)
74
What is the treatment for late phase type 1 hypersensitivity
Broad spectrum anti inflammatory drugs (steroids) rather than antihistamine (the mediator of the first phase)
75
What are the 3 stages involved in the innate immune system
1) Recognition of the microbe/damage
2) Activation
3) Elimination of unwanted substances
76
What is the function of dendritic cells
In the Initiation of the immune response via presentation, but not in the destruction of pathogens
77
What is the most important mast cell derived amine
Histamine
78
What infection is highly associated with atopic dermatitis
Bacterial skin infection
79
What percent of lymphocytes in the blood does mature T cells make up
60-70%
80
Which disease is associated with HLA-A
Hereditary hemochromatosis
81
How is antigen receptor diversity created
Somatic recombination of genes that code for receptor proteins
82
What is the main location of isotype switching
Germinal centers
83
What is the treatment for autoinflammatory syndromes
IL-1 antagonists
84
What is the function of recombination activating genes (RAG 1 and 2) and what is the result of a defect
Responsible for the recombination of gene segments in the creation of lymphocyte receptors. Defects result in lack of mature lymphcytes
85
What is the conditions of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, granulocytosis and thrombocytopenia based from
Autoantibodies against their own blood/platelet cells
86
Polymorphism with PTPN22 are associated with which disorders
RA, Type 1 diabetes, other autoimmune
87
What is the cause and result of autoinflammatory syndromes
Gain of function mutations in the NLRs result in periodic fever syndromes
88
What is the postulated mechanism for uveitis and post-traumatic orchitis
Damage or traumatic causing the release of sequestered antigens
89
What does contact with urushiol
The antigenic component of poison oak, causes vascular dermatitis
90
What is the result in FOXP3
Autoimmune disorders, leading to a condition known as Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X linked, or IPEX
91
What are the two transcription factors that are activated by TLRs
1) NFkB (Cytokine synthesis and adhesion molecules for leukocyte recruitment)
2) interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)- production of type on interferons (alpha and beta)
92
Polymorphism in the gene NOD2 results in which disease
Crown disease
93
Where are eosinophils derived from
Bone marrow
94
What are the characteristic of systemic anaphylaxis
Vascular shock, widespread edema, difficulty breathing
95
What percentage of T cells are alpha Beta TCR
95% of T cells
96
What is perivascular cuffing
Accumulation of CD4 T cells and macrophages in the perivasculature
97
What are the two mechanisms of Type 4 hypersensitivity
1) CD4 mediated inflammation (major component)
| 2) CD8 destruction
98
What is the family of activating receptors on NK cells and what do they respond to
NKG2D, and respond to infection and DNA damage
99
Necrotizing vasculitis aka fibrinoid necrosis are characteristic of which type of hypersensitivity
Type 3 hypersensitivity
100
In the spleen, where are the T cells located
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
101
What is the cause of allergic asthma
Late phase type 1 reaction
102
What is the relationship between HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis
100-200 times more likely to develop disease with this HLA
103
What mechanism of cytokines normally work through
Autocrine and paracrine, and very rarely endocrine
104
During a type 4 hypersensitivity, what is the function of TH1 and Th17
```
Th1= activation of macrophages
Th17= Activation of neutrophils
```
105
What is the immediate reaction of a type 1 reaction characterized by
Vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle spasm or glandular secretion
106
What are the results of late phase type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
-Bronchospasms, edema, Mucus secretion, smooth muscle spasms
107
What is the major lipid mediators in immediate hypersensitivity
Arachidonic acid
108
Where are cutaneous and mucosal lymphoid systems located
Epithelia of skin,GI and respiratory systems
109
What receptor does EBV use to enter and infect B cells
Complement receptor 2
110
What are the results seen from inflammation in type 3 hypersensitivity
Fever, hives (urticaria), joint pain (arthralgias) LN enlargement, proteinuria
111
What percentage of circulating peripheral lymphocytes do mature B cells make up
10-20%
112
During inoculation of PPD, what is the accumulation of cells characterized by
PPD aka, tuberculin causes Mononulcear cells (CD4 cells, and macrophages)
113
What are the locations of TLRs
Plasma membrane and endosomal vesicles
114
Atopy individuals have what percentage of family history of allergies
50%
115
What are the three locations of PRRs
Cytosol, endoscope, membranes
116
What are the phagocytes in the blood
Monocytes and neutrophils
117
What are the three things released from the granules of activated mast cells
Vasoactive amines, enzymes, proteoglycans
118
What potion of the MHC2 make up the peptide binding cleft
Alpha 1 and beta 1
119
What are the location of basophils
In blood circulating in small amounts
120
How does polymorphism in the NOD2 gene result in inflammatory bowel syndromes
Mutation in MOD2, so it is unable to detect commensal bacteria, so there is chronic inflammation
121
How does EBV and HIV lead to autoimmunity
Causes polyclonal activation and autoantibodies by releasing self antigens, then structurally altering them so they are able to activate T cells
122
What is atopy
Increased propensity to develope immediate hypersensitivity reactions
123
What does the gene PTPN22 code for
Protein tyrosine phosphatase
124
Which disease is associated with HLA-BW47
21-hydroxylase deficiency
125
What are the ligands for the NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
1) Necrotic cell byproducts (ATP,uric acid)
2) Ion Disturbances (potassium loss)
3) Microbial products
126
What is fibrinoid necrosis associated with
Immune complex injury
127
What is epitope spreading
Immune responses to one self antigen causes the release of other antigens and newly activated self lymphocytes
128
What is the role of surfactant in immune protection
In the lungs and serves as an innate component against inhaled microbes
129
In the spleen, where are the B cells located
Follicles
130
Many NLRs activate inflammation via which structure
Inflammasomes
