Chapter 7-8 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
The axial skeleton consists of…
A
The head, facial bones, hyoid, middle ear bones
2
Q
3 types of muscle
A
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
3
Q
Striated muscle
A
Skeletal
Cardiac
4
Q
Voluntary muscle
A
Skeletal
5
Q
Non-striated
A
Smooth
6
Q
Involuntary muscle
A
Smooth
Cardiac
7
Q
Name three head muscles
A
Sternocleidomastoid
Temporalis
Masseter
8
Q
Shoulder muscle
A
Trapezius
9
Q
Rib muscles
A
Intercostals
10
Q
Upper arm muscles
A
Deltoid
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
11
Q
Muscles that move lower arm
A
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
12
Q
Abdominal wall muscles
A
External oblique
Rectus abdominus
13
Q
Muscle that moves upper leg
A
Gluteus Maximus
14
Q
Muscles that move lower leg
A
Hamstrings
Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius
15
Q
Muscles that move foot
A
Gastrocnemius
Calcanial tendon
16
Q
Moves head down and to the side
A
Sternocleidomastoid
17
Q
Moves jaw
A
Temporalis
18
Q
Aids in chewing
A
Masseter
19
Q
Look up, shrug shoulders
A
Trapezius
20
Q
Aid in breathing/ ribs
A
Intercostals
21
Q
Allows you to move arm upward
A
Deltoid
22
Q
Allows you to move arm forward
A
Pectoralis major
23
Q
Allows you to pull arms back
A
Latissimus dorsi
24
Q
Moves lower arm upwards
A
Biceps brachii
25
Extending of arms
Triceps brachii
26
Muscles only ever...
Pull. NEVER push
27
Aids proper posture, childbirth, heavy breathing
External oblique (angled)
28
Sit ups, crunches
Rectus abdominus
29
Moves thighs downward
Gluteus Maximus
30
When walking, in state of contraction
Gluteus Maximus
31
Strongest muscle
Gluteus Maximus
32
Raise lower leg
Hamstring (back of thigh)
33
Extends leg forward
Quadriceps femoris
34
Crossing of leg
Sartorius
35
Longest muscle
Sartorius
36
Standing on tiptoes
Gastrocnemius
37
Calf muscle
Gastrocnemius
38
Extend foot downward
Calcanial tendon
39
Achilles' tendon
Calcanial tendon
40
Heel bone
Calcanius
41
Muscle tendon
Fascia
42
Electrical impulse...
| Part of muscle structure
Neuromuscular junction
43
Nutrition for muscles
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Calcium
44
Enlargement of muscles through use
Hypertrophy
45
Muscles getting weaker
Atrophy
46
Causes of atrophy
Age
Injury
Immobilization
47
Slow twitch fibers
Red
48
Fast twitch fibers
White
49
Which fibers have a lot of endurance?
Red
50
Which fibers become fatigued quickly?
White
51
What leads to fatigue?
Build up of lactic acid
52
CNS
Central nervous system
53
Parts of CNS
Brain
| Spinal cord
54
Protection for CNS?
Meninges
| Cerebrospinal fluid
55
Transmit impulses
Neurons
56
3 parts of a neuron?
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
57
3 types of neurons?
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
58
Which neurons go from CNS to another part of the body?
Motor neurons
59
2 types of nerve cells?
Neurons
| Glial cells
60
Which cells support and insulate nerve tissue?
Glial cells
61
What are the actual nerve cells?
Neurons
62
What is the function of glial cells?
They support and insulate nerve tissue
63
Nerve impulses travel in one direction in a nerve fiber-- from the...
Dendrites toward the cell body and from the cell body toward the axon.
64
White, specialized covering?
Myelin
65
White matter has...
Myelin sheath
| Axons
66
Gray matter has...
No myelin sheath
| Dendrites, cell bodies
67
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
68
What is the purpose of the PNS
Connects CNS to extremities via nerves
69
2 divisions of PNS
Somatic
| Autonomic
70
Controls involuntary
Autonomic
71
takes the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Autonomic PNS
72
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic
| Parasympathetic
73
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
74
Slows things down
Parasympathetic
75
Speeds things up
Sympathetic
76
What is included in a typical nerve pathway?
The brain
77
5 parts of the Reflex Pathway:
| In order
```
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Interneuron
Motor neuron
Effector
```
78
What receives the stimuli around you?
Receptor
79
Makes decision without the brain
Interneuron
80
Is the brain a part of the Reflex Pathway?
NO
81
Which part of the brain has two Hemispheres
Cerebrum
82
Reading
Writing
Arithmetic
Left side of cerebrum
83
Artistic
Right side of cerebrum
84
What splits the cerebrum in half?
Longitudinal fissure
85
The 2 hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve cells called the...
Corpus Callosum
86
Much of the brain's gray matter is located in the...
Cerebral cortex (outer layer)
87
Cortex=
Outside
88
4 cerebral lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
89
Motor control
Frontal
90
Muscles, personality, judgement
Frontal
91
Analyze sense of touch
Parietal
92
Sight
Occipital
93
Hearing, taste, smell
Temporal
94
Coordinates muscle activity
Cerebellum
95
Medulla oblongata
Controls MUCH of autonomic system (not all)
96
Controls MUCH of autonomic system
| Breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure
Medulla oblongata
97
Links cerebrum and cerebellum
Pons
98
Bridge in the brain
Pons
99
Helps-- breathing, eye movement, facial expressions
Pons
100
What does the pons do?
Links cerebrum and cerebellum
| Helps breathing, eye movement, facial expressions
101
Midbrain
Coordinates movement of both eyes
102
Coordinates movement of both eyes
Midbrain
103
"Small net"
Reticular formation
104
"Master switch" of the cerebrum
Reticular formation
105
"Tune out"
| "High alert"
Reticular formation
106
2 parts of Limbic system
Thalamus
| Hypothalamus
107
Coordinating emotions
Limbic system
108
Switchboard
Thalamus
109
Control unit for body's automatic systems
Hypothalamus
110
Belief that a person's actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli
Behaviorism
111
What is a very important nutrient for electrical impulses?
Calcium
112
What rids the brain of excess waste?
Rest
113
Which sleep removes the most waste products?
REM
| Rapid eye movement
114
When alcohol entered the body it is converted to...
Poison- Acetaldehyde
115
Alcohol causes an Inflammation of nerve cells called...
Neuritis
116
How many Americans are addicted to alcohol?
1/10 Americans over age of 12
117
If a heavy drinker suddenly quits, he could get
Delirium tremens
| Seizures
118
Paralysis
If spinal cord or nerves are damaged
119
Whiplash
Car accidents, neck
120
Pinched leg nerves
Sciatica
121
Name 4 brain injuries
Stroke
Concussion
Amnesia
Coma
122
Most common SERIOUS injury
Stroke
123
Temporary memory loss
Amnesia
124
Prolonged loss of consciousness
Coma
125
Disease preventer in the brain?
Blood-brain barrier
126
Inflamed meninges
Meningitis
127
Causes by a virus that enters the motor neurons of the spinal cord and destroys some of them
Poliomyelitis
128
Slowly destroys myelin sheath
Multiple sclerosis
129
Lack of neurotransmitter- dopamine
Parkinson's (tremors)
130
Motor area damaged (muscles)
Cerebral palsy
131
Toxin affects nervous system (lockjaw)
Tetanus
132
Bacteria found in soil, causes lockjaw
Tetanus
133
Slow loss of nerve cells
Dementia
134
Difference between Dementia and Alzheimer's?
Dementia- just mental
| Alzheimer's- both mental and physical
135
Entire cerebral cortex fires at same time, rather than sporadically
Epilepsy (seizures)
136
Pain receptors
Bare dendrites
137
Touch and pressure
Mechanoreceptors
138
Changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
139
Smell
Receptors to olfactory nerve
140
Funnels sound into ear
Auricle
141
Ear drum
Tympanic membrane
142
Amplification of sound
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
143
Connects ear to mouth
Eustachian tube
144
Real organ of hearing
Cochlea
145
Give us our balance
Semicircular canals
| Fluid shifts and they bend
146
Where are tears produced?
Lacrimal gland
147
Destroy pathogens in eye
Lysozymes
148
How many muscles are in the eye
6 extrinsic
149
White portion of eye
Sclera
150
Transparent portion of eye
Cornea
151
Bending of light?
Refraction
152
Cornea
Transparent, refracts light
153
Middle layer of eye
Uvea
154
Layer of connective tissue
| Part of uvea
Choroid
155
Muscles of eye
Ciliary body
156
Colored portion of eye
Iris
157
Pupil
Just a hole running through iris
158
Most important part for vision
| Very delicate
Retina
159
Pigmented layer
Black, for a crisp, clear image
160
Photoreceptors
Rod cells
| Cone cells
161
Detect light or dark
Rod cells
162
Absorbs light, changes shape to detect light
Rhodopsin
163
Is rhodopsin in the cone cells or the rod cells?
Rod cells
164
Color
Cone cells
165
Color blindness is mostly in
Males
166
More rod and cone cells than anywhere else
Fovea
167
Fovea
Layer of optic nerve cells
168
Blind spot
Where optic nerve leaves eye
169
What causes night blindness?
Lack of rhodopsin
