chapter 7

Question 1

decision making

Answer 1

the conscious process of making choices among alternatives with the intention of reaching a goal.

Question 2

rational choice decision making

Answer 2

calculating the best alternative

Question 3

bounded rationality

Answer 3

people are bounded in their decision making capabilities, including access to limited information, limited information processing and tendency toward satisficing rather than maximizing when making choices

Question 4

implicit favorite

Answer 4

a preferred alternative that the decision maker uses repeatedly as a comparision with other choices

Question 5

confirmation bias

Answer 5

the process of screening out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions

Question 6

cognitive dissonance

Answer 6

an emotional experience when beliefs/feelings and behavior are incongruent with one another

Question 7

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Answer 7

a natural tendency for people to be influenced by an inital anchor point such that they do not sufficiently move away from that point as new information is provided

Question 8

satisficing

Answer 8

selecting an alternative that is good enough rather than the alternative with the highest value

Question 9

availability heuristic

Answer 9

a natural tendency to assign higher probabilities to objects or events that are easier to recall from memory, even though ease of recall is also affected by nonprobability factors

Question 10

representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

a natural tendency to evaluate probabilities of events or objects by the degree to which they resemble other events or objects rather than on objective probability information

Question 11

intuition

Answer 11

the ability to know when a problem or opportunity exists and to select the best course of action without conscious reasoning

Question 12

scenario planning

Answer 12

a systematic process of thinking about alternative futures and what the org should do to anticipate and react to those environments

Question 13

escalation of commitment

Answer 13

repeat bad decisions or through good money after bad.

Question 14

self-enhancement

Answer 14

a persons inherent motivation to have a positive self-concept

Question 15

prospect theory effect

Answer 15

natural tendency to feel more dissatisfaction from losing an amount than satisfaction from gaining an equal amount

Question 16

creativity

Answer 16

the development of original ideas that make a socially recognized contribution

Question 17

the creative process

Answer 17

Prepare, incubate, illumination, verification

Question 18

divergent thinking

Answer 18

reframing a problem in a unique way and generating different approaches to the issue

Question 19

characteristics of creative people

Answer 19

cognitive and practical intelligence, persistence, knowledge and experience, independent imagination

Question 20

learning orientation

Answer 20

beliefs and norms that support the acquisition, sharing and use of knowledge as well as work conditions that nurture these learning processes.

Question 21

design thinking

Answer 21

a human-centered, solution-focused creative process that applies both intuition and analytical thinking to clarify problems and generate innovative solutions

Question 22

design thinking rules

Answer 22

human rule, ambiguity rule, re-design rule, tangible rule

Question 23

the human rule

Answer 23

design thinking is a team activity

Question 24

ambiguity rule

Answer 24

keep the ambiguity in the problem and solutions

Question 25

the re-design rule

Answer 25

NOTHING is completely original

Question 26

the tangible rule

Answer 26

less time thinking, more time doing

Question 27

employee involvement

Answer 27

the degree to which employees influence how their work is organized and carried out

Question 28

emp. involve: decision structure

Answer 28

benefits go up with nonprogrammed problems

Question 29

emp. involve: source of decision knowledge

Answer 29

get the employees when leader is uninformed

Question 30

emp. involve: decision commitment

Answer 30

participation gets buy in

Question 31

emp. involve: risk of conflict

Answer 31

ind risks and norms in conflict with orc, can employees agree