Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sociology 101 > Chapter 7 powerpoint pt. 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 powerpoint pt. 1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

According to Jean Rousseau what are the two forms of equality?

A
  1. Physical/natural inequality

2. Social inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between physical/natural inequality and social inequality?

A
  1. Physical/natural inequality:
    - Differences in health, bodily strength, and mind.
    - Will always be present
    - Someone will always be better at hunting, doing math, seeing long distances, playing basketball.
  2. Social inequality
    - Established or at least authorized by the consent of men
    - Different privileges than others, (e.g., more rich, more honored, more powerful, position to get obedience)
    - Result of privileges and uneven access to resources that result in social ills.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or False: Physical/natural inequality can be solved.

A

False; Physical/natural inequality will always be present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Social inequality is established or at least authorized by the consent of _____.

A

men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ _________ is established or at least authorized by the consent of men.

A

Social inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Social inequality is the result of ________ and uneven access to ________ that result in social ills.

A

privileges

resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ _________ is the result of privileges and uneven access to resources that result in social ills.

A

Social inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Social inequality is the result of privileges and uneven access to resources that result in _____ ____.

A

social ills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thomas Malthus viewed inequality _________, but _____ as a means for controlling population growth.

A

favorably

only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ _______ viewed inequality favorably, but only as a means for controlling population growth.

A

Thomas Malthus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thomas Malthus viewed inequality favorably, but only as a means for controlling __________ _______.

A

population growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How did Thomas Mathus view population growth?

A

Thought that a more equal distribution of resources would increase the world’s population to unsustainable levels and ultimately bring about mass starvation and conflict.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was one flaw of Thomas Malthus’ view of inequality?

A

It did not account for the development of technology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the four types of equalities?

A
  1. Ontological equality
  2. Equality of opportunity
  3. Equality of condition
  4. Equality of outcome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain Ontological equality .

A

The notion that everyone is created equal by birth (in the eyes of God).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ontology =

A

dealing with the nature of being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

________= dealing with the nature of being.

A

Ontology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain Equality of opportunity.

A

Idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game are the same for everyone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Equality of opportunity:

This standard of equality closely associated with modern _________ society (based on notion of fairness/meritocracy).

A

capitalist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is meritocracy?

A

A system where advancement is based on achievement or ability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Equality of opportunity is the cornerstone of arguments made by _____ _____ ________ in the United States in the 1960s.

A

civil rights activists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meritocracy is key to equality of opportunity.

A

opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_________ is key to equality of opportunity.

A

Meritocracy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the three components of equality of condition?

A
  1. idea that everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue his or her goals
  2. the starting point has been unequal
  3. starting point needs to be adjusted to offset disadvantage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Affirmative action is an example of equality of _________.
condition
26
Explain the equality of outcome.
Everyone in a society should end up with the same “rewards” regardless of starting point, opportunities, or contributions.
27
The distribution of resources coincides with _______ & ___________.
Marxism | Communism
28
What is Scottish enlightenment?
Incentives to work harder disappear
29
According to equality of outcome incentive is _________; giving to society for the sake of its progress and not merely own betterment
altruistic
30
How does the U.S. justify system of social stratification?
Maintained through beliefs that are widely shared by members of society (ideology, hegemony)
31
What is social stratification?
Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.
32
What are the 5 forms/systems of stratification?
1. Estate system 2. Caste system 3. Class system 4. Status Hierarchy System 5. Elite-Mass System
33
The ________ system is a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility.
estate
34
The estate system is a __________ based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility.
politically
35
What is the basis of stratification when it comes to the estate system of stratification?
political (land gave you political voice)
36
What is the strata of the estate system of stratification?
- Clergy - Nobility - Commoners (City dwellers/peasants)
37
Feudal Europe and pre-Civil War American South are examples of what type of stratification?
estate system
38
How is social mobility and social reproduction during the estate system of gratification?
Social Mobility: Very limited | Social reproduction: Very high
39
The ______ system is a system of stratification based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and generally offers no prospects for social mobility.
caste
40
The caste system is a system of stratification based on _________ notions of ________ and ___________ purity and generally offers no prospects for social mobility.
hereditary religious theological
41
What is the basis of stratification of the caste system of stratification?
religious/hereditary
42
What is the strata (or caste) of the caste system of stratification?
- Brahmin/Priests - Kshatriyan/Warrior - Vaishya/Traders - Shundra/Workes
43
What is the social mobility and social reproduction in the caste system of stratification?
Social mobility: Very little; little to no mobility between ranks Social reproduction: Very high
44
What is endogamy and exogamy and how can it be used as social mobility in the caste system?
Endogamy is marrying within your caste system, and exogamy is marrying outside of one's caste system. Exogamy can be used to change rank.
45
What is Sanskritization?
whole caste leap frogs over another
46
How was Sanskritization used by Indians?
Traders became Christian to try to leap frog to another caste during British occupation of India. Outcome: not successful. Separation of Pakistan from India, allowed to handle and sell alcohol Improved economic condition
47
The caste system has been present for over _______ years and now has thousands of ______.
5,000 | subsets
48
The ______ system is a system ___________ based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility.
``` class economically ```
49
What is the strata of the class system?
Different theoretical perspective (income, wealth, power, prestige, lifestyle, consumption patterns, attitudes, education).
50
What were two of the original classes?
bourgeoisie | proletariat
51
What is the basis of stratification in the class system of stratification?
economics
52
What does social mobility and social reproduction look like in the class system?
Social mobility: possible but not probable | Social reproduction: high
53
____ ____ felt that society was divided strictly into two classes: 1. proletariat--working class 2. bourgeoisie--employing class
Karl Marx
54
Karl Marx felt that society was divided strictly into two classes: 1. __________--working class 2. bourgeoisie-- ________ class
proletariat | employing
55
Karl Marx felt that society was divided strictly into two classes: 1. proletariat--_________ class 2. _________--employing class
working | bourgeoisie
56
What is contradictory class location and who invented them?
``` The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two “pure” classes defined by Marx. Created by Erik Olin Wright ```
57
What is a petit bourgeoisie?
self-employed, small business owner
58
What is Max Weber's concept of class?
Grouping people according to the value of their property or labor in the commercial marketplace.
59
______ _________ system of stratification is based on social prestige.
Status hierarchy
60
Status hierarchy of stratification is based on ______ ______.
social prestige
61
What is the basis of stratification in the status hierarchy system?
prestige
62
What is the social mobility and social reproduction of the status hierarchy system?
Social mobility: likely to very high | Social reproduction: somewhat likely
63
The _____ _____ system is a system of stratification that has a governing elite — a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society.
elite-mass
64
What is the basis of stratification in the elite-mass system of stratification?
skill and talent
65
What is the social mobility and social reproduction of the elite-mass system of stratification?
Social mobility: very high (in theory) | Social reproduction: somewhat likely
66
Vilfredo Pareto and C. Wright Mills; who approved and disapproved of the elite-mass system of stratification?
Vilfredo Pareto thought that the masses were better off in such a system. C. Wright Mills viewed this system as dangerous and detrimental.
67
What is the Parento Principle?
80/20 rule (intellectual, physical, moral), most capable rule the rest.

Sociology 101 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions