Chapter 8 Flashcards
1
Q
SECTION 8.1
A
2
Q
a biologist who studies the nervous system
A
neurobiologist
3
Q
a physician who specializes in DISORDERS of the nervous system
A
neurologist
4
Q
the two divisions of the nervous system
A
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
5
Q
includes the brain and the spinal cord
A
central nervous system
6
Q
consists of the nerves that branch from the brain and spinal cord
A
peripheral nervous system
7
Q
principal organ of the nervous system
A
brain
8
Q
a thick bundle of nerve fibers located within the spinal cavity which
allows the brain to communicate with most of the body
A
spinal cord
9
Q
pairs of nerves that branch from the cord and extend out of the spinal cavity through the gaps in the vertebrae
transmits nerve signals to and from the rest of the body
A
spinal nerves
10
Q
number of spinal nerve pairs
A
31
11
Q
nerves that branch directly from the brain stem and transmit nerve signals to and from the eyes, ears, mouth, face, and scalp
A
cranial nerves
12
Q
number of cranial nerve pairs
A
12
13
Q
the spinal cord and brain are covered by a triple layer of protective tissues known as
A
meninges
14
Q
the outer layer of the meninges
one of the strongest tissues of the body that serves primarily as a flexible protective layer
A
dura mater
15
Q
the middle layer of the meninges
form an intricate 3D network around the brain
A
arachnoid
16
Q
the inner layer of the meninges
forms a delicate covering that rests directly against the brain and spinal cord
A
pia mater
17
Q
a clear fluid that circulates through the fibers of the arachnoid mater and serves as cushion when you bump your head
A
cerebrospinal fluid
18
Q
the two basic kinds of cells that make up the brain and spinal cord
A
glial cells
neurons
19
Q
cells which support and insulate nerve tissue
A
glial cells
20
Q
the actual nerve cells
A
neurons
21
Q
contains a nucleus and most of the nerve cell’s cytoplasm
A
cell body
22
Q
a short, branched extension of the cell that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body
A
dendrite
23
Q
a long extension that relays nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons
A
axon
24
Q
nerve impulses travel in _________________ in a nerve fiber
A
one direction
25
dendrites travel toward the
cell body
26
travel from the cell body in a nerve impulse
axon
27
found within the brain and spinal cord and consists largely of cell bodies of neurons
gray matter
28
white specialized covering that is lacking in gray matter, making it gray not white
myelin
29
is composed of axons and glial cells that are white because of their myelin content
white matter
30
masses of cell bodies
ganglia
31
ganglia are grouped together to form a large nerve mass called a
plexus
32
plexus located at the back of the neck and shoulders and is the group of ganglia from which branch of median nerve and other arm nerves
brachial plexus
33
a group of cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
nerve centers
34
nerve centers in the medulla oblangata of the brain stem control
breathing
35
neurons that transmit information to the central nervous system from the sense of sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell, and those that transmit pain signals
sensory neurons
36
neurons that relay signals from the central nervous system to other parts of the body
motor neurons
37
found only in the CNS and relay signals between neurons or groups of neurons
responsible for processing of information by the brain
interneurons
38
protect the central nervous system from being permanently damaged every time you get sick
bloodbrain barrier
39
brain's white blood cells which help protect the brain from infection
microglia
40
disease that is caused when invading microorganisms enter the nerve tissue and infect the meninges
meningitis
41
a state of prolonged unconsciousness
serious brain damage can result
coma
42
a serious disease that attacks the spinal cord
is caused by a virus that enters the motor neurons of the spinal cord and destroys some of them
poliomyletis or POLIO
43
bundles of nerve fibers (axon) branching from the brain and spinal cord and connecting the central nervous system to the extremities of the body
peripheral nervous system
44
one of the longest nerves in the body
sciatic nerve
45
nerve that connects the leg extremities with the spinal cord in the lower back
sciatic nerve
46
pairs of cranial nerves (branching directly from brain)
12
47
pairs of spinal nerves (connected to the brain through the spinal cord)
31
48
most nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers and thus are known as
mixed nerves
49
carry impulses from light, taste, sound, touch, and pain from other parts of the body to the spinal cord and brain for analysis
sensory nerve fibers
50
polio is a ________ disease
viral
51
meningitis is a ________________ disease
bacterial or viral
52
carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to produce action in muscles and organs
motor nerve fibers
53
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the heart and other internal organs
responsible for routine activities (involuntary functions
autonomic nervous system
54
controls the digestive system, various glands, and thousands of other vital functions
autonomic nervous system
55
responds to your body's needs during increased activity and in emergency situations by causing heartbeat and breathing rates to increase, thus supplying more blood so that you can respond quickly
sympathetic division
56
acts as a balance to counteract the actions of the sympathetic division
causes heart to slow down
parasympathetic division
57
can be likened to a two-way highway consisting of thousands of lanes in each direction, all of which are channeled to the ascending and descending nerve tracts of the spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
58
the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
parasympathetic
59
in the stomach, the parasympathetic division _____________ while the sympathetic division _______________
parasympathetic-- stimulates
sympathetic-- inhibits
60
generally, the parasympathetic division stimulates while organs _________; and the sympathetic division stimulates organ when you are ____________
parasympathetic--- rest
sympathetic--- active
61
SECTION 8.2
62
nerve cells
neurons
63
special glial cells that surround the axons extending from the nerve cell bodies of peripheral nerves
Schwann cells
64
produce layers of myelin sheathing that acts much like the insulation on an electrical wire
Schwann cells
65
in the brain and spinal cord, myelin sheath for axons are provided by special glial cells called
oligodendrocytes
66
made by Schwann cells
myelin
67
disease of the brain and spinal cord that occurs when the body's immune system attacks the glial cells that provide myelin sheaths for nerve cell axons (usually attacks adults
multiple sclerosis
68
symptoms of MS
blurred or double vision
disturbance of sensation
muscle weakness
69
MS occurs in the
occurs in nerves fibers related to sensations, vision, and movement of limbs
70
the inability of the muscles to move
paralysis
71
the wave of electrical activity that is propagated by fast-acting, voltage-sensing ion gates that quickly open and close, allowing sodium and potassium ions to briefly flow into and out of the cell
action potential
72
a synapse between a neuron and muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
73
an enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and another cell
synapse
74
when the action potential reaches the synapse, it causes a chemical known as a ______________ to be released into the synapse
neurotransmitter
75
a potent inhibitor of impulse transmission in motor nerves is
botulinum toxin
76
the most deadly type of food poisoning
botulism
77
one serious disease of the nervous system that affect the patient's control of posture and movements;
is characterized by tremors and stiffness in limbs
Parkinson's disease
78
Parkinson's disease appears to result from lack of the neurotransmitter
dopamine
79
a quick. automatic response
reflex
80
the simplest nerve pathway
reflex arc
81
SECTION 8.3
82
the largest, most important part of the nervous system
brain
83
the three parts of the brain
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
84
the upper part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behaviors
cerebrum
85
the lower part of the brain that helps control balance and coordinate voluntary muscle activity
cerebellum
86
connects to the spinal cord, controls involuntary muscles and activities of the autonomic nervous system
brain stem
87
the largest part of the brain and is the physical organ that helps in areas of consciousness, memory voluntary action, thinking, and intelligence
cerebrum
88
two halves of the cerebrum called
hemispheres
89
a deep grove that split the hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
90
the right hemisphere is connected to the ______ side of the body
the left hemisphere is connected to the ______ side of the body
right hemi: left side of body
left hemi: right side of body
91
the brain which specializes in details, known procedures, and formal logic
left brain
92
the brain which specialized in the "big picture", creativity, and intuitive approaches to problems
right brain
93
the two hemispheres communicate with each other through a mass of nerve fibers located at the base of the cerebrum called the
corpus callosum
94
the outer layer of the cerebrum in which much of the gray matter is located
cerebral cortex
95
is deeply grooved in order to allow the maximum amount of gray matter to fit in a limited space
cerebral cortex
96
various regions in which the hemispheres are divided into that correspond to the major bones of the cranium
lobes
97
each hemisphere has its own lobes
TRUE
98
the forward portion of the __________ lobes is associated with personality, judgment, and self-control
frontal
99
controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
rear of the frontal lobes
100
lobes located behind the frontal lobe that allow the body to feel sensations such as temperature, pressure, and pain
make judgments about shape and texture
parietal lobes
101
lobes located at the back of the brain which interpret the sense of vision
if damaged, person cannot see even if have perfect eyes
occipital lobes
102
the right and left _________ lobes which are located on either side of the brain which are associated with senses of hearing, taste, and smell
temporal lobes
103
damage to the cerebral motor area
cerebral palsy
104
results of cerebral palsy
inability to walk
poor speech
irregular contractions of face neck or extremities
105
the second largest brain region
cerebellum
106
the function of the cerebellum is primarily to
coordinate skeletal muscle activity
107
most complex muscle coordination is handled by the
cerebellum
108
located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
brain stem
109
the lowest part of the brain stem
regulates breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and other vital bodily function such as swallowing
medulla oblongata
110
all major sensory and moto pathways between the body and cerebrum cross over in
medulla oblongata
111
just above the medulla oblongata and links the cerebrum with the cerebellum
assists medulla oblongata in regulating breathing and coordinate movements and facial expressions
pons
112
above the pons lies the _______________
nerve centers here help coordinate the movement of both eyes, adjust the size of pupils in response to light, and operate the lens muscles to focus the eyes on the object of your attention
midbrain
113
an intricate network of neurons within the brain stem
reticular formation
114
the most important function of the reticular formation
serving as a master-switch
aka
it switches on your cerebral cortex to bring you to consciousness
115
a state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person would go into if the reticular formation was not working correction
coma
116
complex brain structures that lie clustered around the brain stem at the core of the brain are collectively called
limbic system
117
job of limbic system
1. coordinate activity of different brain parts
2. generate and regulate emotions and desires
118
two important structures of the limbic system
thalamus
hypothalamus
119
acts like a switchboard, routing activation signals from the reticular formation and sensory impulses
thalamus
120
the control unit for the body's automatic systems
controls autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalamus
121
responsible for the physical effects of emotions
hypothalamus
122
part of the limbic system that processes factual memories for storage
hippocampus
123
part of the limbic system that helps generate emotions and processes emotional memories
amygdala
124
says that a person's actions can be completely explained as responses to particular stimuli
the behavior of a person is determined by his environment, not by his mind
behaviorism
125
the ________ and the _________ are not the same thing
physical brain
mind
126
the seat of the mind
brain
127
SECTION 8.4
128
habits that can affect the nervous system from within
alcohol
smoking
nutrition
exercise
129
external factors that can affects the nervous system
repeated loud noises
rest or sleep
130
repeated or prolonged exposure to excessively loud sounds results in a form of partial or complete hearing loss known as
sounds that exceed 90-100 decibels
sensorineural deafness
131
periods in which the sleeper's closed eyes show rapid eye movements as though he were watching events of a dream
REM sleep (rapid eye movement)
132
one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world today
alcohol
133
alcohol acts as a
depressant
134
1. quickly into bloodstream from stomach and liver
2. carried to brain
3. interferes with neurotransmitters and motor areas
4. slows the functions of the of the neurons
5. depressing control centers of the brain
6. produces loss of self-control
7. clumsiness and lack of coordination
8. muscular control detiorates
9. can cause unconsciousness
movement of alcohol
135
degeneration and inflammation of nerves
neuritis
136
a child's nervous system is completely developed at (new cells will never be added to the brain)
2 years
137
dead nerve cells _________ regenerate
cannot
138
existing nerve cells ___________ reproduce
cannot
139
when the spinal nerves protrude from the spinal cord in the neck because of a sudden stop
whiplash
140
a condition characterized by pain in the lower back and the back of the thigh
caused by a pinching of the sciatic nerve of the lower spinal cord
sciatica
141
the most common serious injury os the nervous system
stroke
142
leading cause of death through the world
stroke
143
causes a stroke
internal blockage or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
144
one of the most common causes of death among young adults is
injury to the head
145
a period of paralysis of the central nervous system accompanied by a short period of unconsciousness
concussion
146
a loss of memory
amnesia
147
a more prolonged loss of consciousness may result from severe effects of
injury
poison
disease
148
prolonged state of unconsciousness that may not be reversible
coma
149
disease of the nervous system that is commonly known as lockjaw because severe spasms of the jaw muscles make it hard to open the mouth
tetanus
150
one of the most commons mental disorders in the elderly
a disturbance of the brain caused by physical illness elsewhere in the body
acute confusion
151
the disorder that results from the slow process of natural nerve cell loss
senile dementia
152
is caused by the death of brain cells due to blockage in the arteries that restricts blood supply to the cells
arteriosclerotic dementia
153
disease in which the symptoms are more severe than dementia and leaves the vicitm mor physically and intellectually disabled
Alzheimer's disease
154
one common neurological disorder that affects people of all ages is the condition of
caused when neurons occasionally malfunction and begin to fire together over and over, disrupting ordinary cerebral processing and causing unconsciousness
epilepsy
155
SECTION 8.5
156
living sensors in which information is obtained and relayed to the spinal cord or brain
sensory receptors
157
two broad groups of sensory receptors
somatic senses
special senses
158
senses of your skin (primarily touch and temperature)
somatic senses
159
sight, hearing, smell, taste, and balance
special senses
160
special senses are provided by a second group of neurons located in intricately designed _________
sense organs
161
the skin's receptors may be classified in three categories:
pain receptors
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
162
a bare dendrite that reacts to a certain type of strong stimulus
pain receptors
163
sensory receptors responsible for sensations of tough and pressure are called
mechanoreceptors
164
body parts that contain an abundance of nerve endings and are sensitive to light tough and pressure
fingertips
forehead
tip of tongue
165
respond to temperature changes
thermoreceptors
166
react to temperatures above normal body temperature
heat receptors
167
sensitive to temperatures below normal body temperature
cold receptors
168
the senses of taste and smell
chemical senses
169
the chemical senses result from the stimulation of_______________ on the tongue and in the nose
chemoreceptors
170
organs responsible for taste
taste buds
171
most of the flavors that we taste are affected by
odors we smell
172
the _________ sensory receptors are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity
nose's
173
connect the nose's sensory receptors to the brain
olfactory nerve
174
number of primary odors
7
175
a flap of cartilage designed to collect sound waves and direct them into the ear
outer ear
176
leads to the eardrum
ear canal
177
line the ear canal
hairs
wax glands
178
a taut membrane stretched across the canal like the surface of a drum
ear drum
179
the vibrations of the eardrum are relayed to the inner ear by three tiny bones
malleus,
incus
stapes
180
the chamber containing the malleus, incus, and stapes
middle ear
181
the actual organ of hearing
inner ear
182
the main component of the inner ear
a coiled tube resembling a snail's shell
cochlea
183
carries electrical messages to the brain where they are translated
auditory nerve
184
balance sensors
semicircular canals
185
the type of hearing in which the inner ear receives vibrations from the jawbone
bone conduction
186
ringing in the ears
tinnitus
187
ear infections occur when microbes from the throat travel up the ____________ to the middle ear
eustachian tube
188
provides a surrounding protection of heavy bone for the eye
socket or orbit
189
reflexive to keep foreign objects from entering the eye
eyelids
190
lacrimal glands produce
tears
191
component of tears which destroys bacteria
lysozyme
192
a set of six muscles attached to the eye which moves the eye
extrinsic muscles
193
outermost layer of the eye
