Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
process of making RNA
A
transcription
2
Q
makes RNA going down DNA strand
A
RNA polymerase
3
Q
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides in the messenger RNA that contains code for specific amino acid
A
code on
4
Q
ribosomes are made out of protein and
A
ribosomal RNA
5
Q
noncoding DNA sequence
A
introns
6
Q
coding sequences of DNA
A
exons
7
Q
when doing DNA replication, errors are called
A
mutations
8
Q
proper uses of genetic engineering
A
agriculture
9
Q
flowering seed plants
A
angiosperms
10
Q
disks and rays
A
composite family
11
Q
angiosperms are divided into
A
monocots and dicots
12
Q
systems are made of
A
organs
13
Q
organs are made of
A
tissues
14
Q
tissues are made of
A
cells
15
Q
three main tissues in plants
A
structural, vascular, meristematic
16
Q
vascular tissues
A
xylem and phloem
17
Q
converting sunlight energy into food
A
photosynthesis
18
Q
male pollen producing part of flower
A
stamen
19
Q
vase-shaped center part of flower
A
pistol
20
Q
ripened ovary together with other flower parts
A
fruit
21
Q
two things happen before flower ovary becomes fruit
A
pollination and fertilization
22
Q
process in which pollen transfer to stigma of flower
A
pollination
23
Q
sperm and egg unite
A
fertilization
24
Q
part of embryo seed that store food for germination
A
cotyledon
25
one cotyledon
monocot
26
buds on tip of twig
terminal bud
27
new plant grows from stem, leaf, or root
vegetative reproduction (asexual reproduction)
28
growth response toward or away
tropism
29
mixing molecules of one substance to another by random molecular motion
diffusion
30
one way diffusion
osmosis
31
Swedish naturalist that designed method for classification
Linnaeus
32
seven orders of classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species
33
make scientific name
genus and species
34
two main groups of plants
nonvascular and vascular
35
vascular plants are divided into
seed and nonseed
36
seed plants are divided into
gymnosperm and angiosperm
37
two nonvascular plants
mosses and liverworts
38
smallest of chlorophyll containing organism
algae
39
plant-like, lack chlorophyll
fungi
40
body cavity contain heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
41
body system carries to and from cells
circulatory system
42
system consists of glands called hormones
endocrine system
43
rids body of wastes
excretory system
44
gives support to body
skeletal system
45
tissues in body
muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial
46
two divisions of skeleton
axial and appendicular
47
bones that encase brain
cranium
48
only bone in the skull that moves
mandible
49
tissues that join bone to bone
ligaments
50
technical name for spine
vertebral column
51
pairs of ribs in the human body
12
52
appendicular system has
pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
53
large bone in upper arm
humerus
54
lower arm thumb side
radius
55
longest bone in body
femur
56
kneecap
patella
57
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
58
when bone rejuvenates, bone builders
osteoblasts
59
place where bones join
joints
60
joint at elbow
hinge
61
joint at shoulder and hip
ball and socket
62
largest muscles of chest
pectoralis major
63
bend arms at elbow
biceps brachii
64
group of muscles that straightens leg at knee
quadriceps femoris
65
bend leg at knee
hamstrings
66
myofibril has overlapping proteins fibers in units called
sarcomeres
67
two division of nervous system
central and peripheral
68
Father of Classification
Linnaeus
69
number of chromosomes in human somatic cell
46
70
number of chromosomes in human gametes
23
71
cells that divide to form gametes
germ cells
72
miosis is designed to make reproductive cells
miosis
73
material contains blueprints
DNA
74
how much DNA in chromosome
one DNA molecule
75
DNA is stored in the
nucleus
76
DNA is wrapped around spools that are made of eight
histones
77
spool plus the DNA wrapped around makes up
nucleosome
78
DNA stored loosely during interphase where can be accessed
chromatin
79
other nucleic acid besides DNA
RNA
80
both DNA and RNA are made of units called
nucleotides
81
the DNA molecule consists of twisted shapes to form a
double helix
82
deduced structure of DNA
Crick and Watson
83
Makes sure things get in the right order during replication etc
base pairing
84
bases of DNA nucleotides
cytosine
adenine
thymine
guanine
85
bases that are paired
adenine with thymine
guanine with cytosine
86
RNA has different base than thymine
uracil
87
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
88
consists of the nerves
peripheral nervous system
89
actual nerve cells
neurons
90
long fibers that carry messages away from cell body
axon
91
short fiber carries messages to cell body
dendrites
92
bundles of axons
nerves
93
wave of electrical activity that goes down an axon to carry a message
action potential
94
enclosed junction between two neurons or a neuron and a cell
synapses
95
quick, automatic response
reflex
96
part of the brain that coordinates thought, memory, and learned behavior
cerebrum
97
part of brain controls involuntary muscles
brain stem
98
controls balance and coordinates voluntary muscle activity
cerebellum
99
lowest part of the brain stem
medulla oblongata
100
two chemical senses
taste and smell
101
tough outer layer of tissue around eyes
sclera
102
transparent portion in front of eye that allows light to pass through
cornea
103
coiled tube for hearing
cochlea
104
nerve carries message from cochlea to brain
auditory nerve
105
carries message from retina to brain
optic nerve
106
carries message from smell receptors to brain
olfactory nerve
107
innermost layer of the eye that produces nerve impulses
reitna
108
two light sensitive cells in retina
rod and cone
109
sugars and starches are
carbs
110
complex molecules used to build and maintain cells
proteins
111
carbs provide
energy
112
lipids are
fats
113
proteins are made of chains of
amino acids
114
two groups of vitamins
water-soluble
fat-soluble
115
special chemicals called catalysts; important protein chemicals
enzymes
116
sequence of organs that food passes through
alimentary canal
117
four front cutting teeth
incisors
118
consist mainly of blood vessels and nerves in tooth
pulp
119
foot long tube from throat to stomach
esophagus
120
flap over trachea
epiglottis
121
digestive juices in stomach
gastric juice
122
primary organ of digestion and absorption
small intestine
123
two organs that help but food doesn't pass through
pancreas and gallbaldder
124
organ that absorbs water and eliminates food wastes
large intestine
125
other name for circulatory system
cardiovascular system
126
carry away from heart
arteries
127
carry to heart
veins
128
connects veins and arteries
capillaries
129
liquid part of blood
plasma
130
special iron-containing blood protein
hemoglobin
131
purpose of red blood cells
carry oxygen
132
where is blood made
bone marrow
133
purpose of leukocytes
fight against disease
134
antigens discovered in rhesus monkey
Rh factor
135
bloody type that is a universal donor
O
136
blood type of universal recipient
AB
137
inability to form blood clots
hemophilia
138
valve between left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid valve
139
valve between right atrium and left ventricle
tricuspid valve
140
valve at exit to left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
141
allows blood to exit right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
142
pulmonary means
lungs
143
largest vein
venae cava
144
largest artery
aorta
145
transfers blood from heart to lungs
pulmonary artery
146
brings blood from lungs to heart
pulmonary veins
147
special branches off aorta that penetrate into myocardium
coronary arteries
148
movement of blood through all except lungs
systemic circulation
149
force exerted by blood
blood pressure
150
windpipe
trachea
151
air sacs where gases are exchanged
alveoli
152
muscle divides domes
diaphragm
153
voice box
larynx
154
three layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
155
layer has nerve endings
dermis (most complex)
156
subsystem in excretory system that includes ureters, bladder
urinary
157
most important excretory system organ
kidneys
158
filtering units in kidneys
nephrons
159
master gland
pituitary
160
makes hormone determines rate food converted into energy
thyroid
161
makes insulin
islets of Langerhans
162
sits on kidneys
adrenal glands
163
hormones prepares for danger
epinephrine
164
pineal glands make this hormone
melatonin
165
reproductive organs are called
gonads
166
sac of blood vessels that connect baby and mom
placenta
167
connects placenta
umbilical cord
168
any condition that interferes with normal function of the body
disease
169
any organism that gets inside and causes disease
pathogen
170
diseases that are caused by pathogens
infectious
171
immunological diseases that is most common
allergies
172
noninfectious disease caused by runaway growth of body cells
cancer
173
second leading cause of death
cancer
174
molecules of genetic material enclosed in capsid
virus
175
condition of having resistance to a pathogen
immunity
176
commands man to subdue the earth
Gen 1:28
177
idea that living things arise from nonliving things
spontaneous generation
178
says all living things develop from common ancestor
evolution
179
event that loosened the grip of superstition and refocused on Scripture
Protestant Reformation
180
proteins are made of
amino acids
181
primary digestive organ
smll intestine
182
absorbs water and eliminates wastes
large intestine
183
the extent a certain allele eists in population
allele frequency
184
when both alleles of trait are equally expressed
codominance
185
idea that there are more than two different alleles for gene of particular trait
multiple allele inheritance
186
when genes influence several seemingly unrelated traits
pleiotropy
187
trait influenced by number of different genes
polygenic inheritance
188
sex-linked disorders
color blindness and hemophilia
189
Father of Anatomy
Vesalius
190
English physician that studied circulation of the heart
Harvey
191
studied cells of cork
Robert Hooke
192
tentative solution
hypothesis
193
proven hypothesis
theory
194
spontaneous generation was demolished by the studies of
Pasteur
195
living things have to come from other living things
law of biogenesis
196
present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
197
idea that the strongest organisms survive and make new kind
natural selection
198
changes within a specific kind
speciation
199
fossils that would connect different times
transitional forms
200
supposedly earliest ape-like ancestor
Australopithecus afarensis
201
ideas of evolution were challenged by the discoveries of
Mendel
202
home of organism
habitat
203
the layer in which life is
biosphere
204
large areas with characteristic vegetation
biomes
205
basic unit of ecology
ecosystem
206
producers
autotrophs
207
consumers
heterotrophs
208
classification that descrbes the feeding relations to other animals
trophic level
209
shows one way transfer of one trophic level to the next
food chain
210
biome with harsh winters and permafrost
arctic tundra
211
harsh long winters, longer summer, rarely permafrost
northern coniferous forest
212
near equator; abundant rain
tropical rainforest
213
replacement of early pioneer species
succession
214
means remain constant temperature
homeothermic
215
most mammals are __________________ in reproduction
placental
216
in reproduction process, platypus and echidna are
oviparous (lay eggs)
217
shrews, hedgehogs, and moles are
insectivores
218
flying mammals
bats
219
two groups of whales
toothed and baleen
220
the sperm whale is
toothed
221
mostly arboreal mammals
primates
222
hooved mammals
ungulates
223
rhinos, tapirs, and horses
perissodactyl (odd-toed)
224
cows are
artiodactyls (even-hooved)
225
chew cud
ruminants
226
scientists who study birds
ornithologists
227
chambers in a bird's heart
4
228
contour feathers on the wings
flight feathers
229
clear eyelid on lizards
nictitating membrane
230
muscular organ that grinds food
gizzard
231
bird breaths ______________ lungs, not _____ lungs
THROUGH
not IN
232
dense chord in bird egg
chalaza
233
means animals temperature fluctuates
poikilothermic
234
chambers in most reptiles
3
235
the only reptile group that has a four-chambered heart
crocodilians
236
means hatch within body
ovoviviparous
237
snake do not have ___________________ they just have a ________________ over their eyes
nictitating membrane
scales
238
bone that attaches the snake's movable jaw to its skull
quadrate bone
239
the Jacobson's organ is used fr
smell
240
scientists who study reptiles and amphibians
herpetologists
241
have sensory depression
pit viper
242
have fangs that retract
vipers
243
three groups of amphibians
frogs and toads,
salamanders
caecilians
244
frogs and toads together are called
anurans
245
adult frogs can breathe with
lungs, lining in mouth cavity, and skin
246
development of frogs
metamorhposis
247
chambers in ALL amphibians hearts
3
248
ribosomes are attached to
rough ER
249
shipping center
Golgi apparatus
250
storage spaces, large in plant cells
vacuoles
251
entire life and reproduction of cells
cell cycle
252
when the nucleus of cell divides to create new nuclei with same chromosomes
mitosis
253
four stages of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
254
transmission of information from parent or offspring
heredity
255
units of genetic information in chromosomes
genes
256
specialization to form specific cells (nerve, skin, etc)
differentiation
257
have full set of 46 chromosomes
diploid set
258
refers to egg and sperm
gametes
259
cell that undergoes meiosis to form gametes
germ cell
260
chromosomes in zygote
46
261
makes sexual reproduction possible
meiosis
262
makes asexual reproduction possible
mitosis
263
genetics is
scientific study of heredity
264
different forms of gen for particular trait
alleles
265
two identical alleles for same gene
homozygous
266
one allele different
heterozygous
267
discovered law of dominance
Mendel
268
term Mendel used for homozygous
pure
269
alleles for each trait separate randomly during formation of gametes
law of segregation
270
discovered law of segregation
Mendel
271
mixing or blending of traits
incomplete dominance
272
says that many trait are inherited independently from each other
law of independent assortment
273
discovered law of independent assortment
Mendel
274
says that segregation of one gene does not influence sorting of another
law of independent assortment
275
traits inherited together
linkage
276
do genes that demonstrate linkage follow law of independent assortment?
NO
277
process of genes on same chromosome to be inherited independently
recombination
278
stated chromosome theory of inheritance
Sutton
279
discovered sex chromosomes
Morgan
280
sex chromosomes pair for male
XY
281
sex chromosome pair for female
XX
282
the extent certain allele exists in population
allele frequency
283
disorder caused by recessive trait does not give the person the disease but makes him a
carrier
284
when both alleles are equally expressed
codominance
285
situation of codominance issue
sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait
286
when one gene is normal and the other is sickle cell prone
sickle cell trait (not have disease) (have to inherit from both parents)
287
benefits of sickle cell trait
resistance to malaria
288
more than two different alleles in specific trait
multiple allele inheritance
289
exmples of multiple allele inheritance
ABO blood group
290
situation in which genes influence several seemingly unrelated traits
pleiotropy
291
example of pleiotropy
sickle cell trait giving a resistance to malaria
292
characteristic influence by number of different genes
polygenic inheritance
293
two sex-linked diseases
hemophilia and colorblindness (more likely in male)
294
amount of DNA in chromosome
one DNA molecule
295
DNA stored loosely
chromatin
296
process of DNA to RNA to protein
central dogma of molecular biology
297
making RNA
transcription
298
the equivalence of codon to amino acids
genetic code
299
brings amino acids to ribosome
transfer RNA
300
allows the opposite base pair with codon
anticodon
301
using genetic engineering for plants is
good
302
two groups of fish
cartilaginous and bony
303
fin that serves as a rudder
caudal fin
304
chambers in a fish heart
2
305
cartilaginous fish examples
sharks, rays, chimaeras, hagfish, lampreys
306
jointed appendages
arthropods
307
crickets, grasshoppers, and mantises belong to the order
Orthoptera
308
aquatics arthropods
crustaceans
