Chapter 9

Question 1

all the chemical processes of life are the body’s

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

metabolism requires

Answer 2

fuel and raw materials

Question 3

food supplies the body with elements and compounds needed for

Answer 3

energy, repair, growth

Question 4

the energy content of food is typically measured in

Answer 4

calories

Question 5

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree

Answer 5

one Calorie

Question 6

if a person consumes more Calories than he needs, the excess energy-producing substances are converted to fat and stored in

Answer 6

adipose cells

Question 7

being severely overweight due to excess body fat

Answer 7

obesity

Question 8

only safe, healthy way to lose weight

Answer 8

eat a healthy diet

1. limiting Calorie intake
2. exercise regularly

Question 9

carbs, proteins, and fats needed in large amounts

Answer 9

macronutrients

Question 10

vitamins and minerals are needed in much smaller amounts and are therefore

Answer 10

micronutrients

Question 11

the most important energy-producing compounds in the cell and provide most of the energy of living cells

Answer 11

carbohydrates

Question 12

the molecules of most carbohydrates are like chains; each link in the chain is

Answer 12

a simple sugar

Question 13

simple sugars

Answer 13

monosaccharides

Question 14

disaccharides are

Answer 14

two monosaccharides combined

Question 15

monosaccharides and disaccharides are

Answer 15

simple carbohydrates

Question 16

formed from long chains of simple carbs

are complex carbohydrates

Answer 16

polysaccharides

Question 17

a mixture of polysaccharides manufactured by plant cells for glucose storage

Answer 17

starch

Question 18

the body breaks starch down into

Answer 18

glucose

Question 19

not digested or incorporated into the body

Answer 19

dietary fiber

Question 20

two types of dietary fiber

Answer 20

soluble
insoluble

Question 21

turns into gel during digestion, slowing digestion, and helping the stomach and intestines absorb nutrients

Answer 21

soluble fiber

Question 22

helps move indigested wastes along to keep the intestines clean and healthy

Answer 22

insoluble fiber

Question 23

a form of insoluble fibers found in plants

Answer 23

cellulose

Question 24

makes up half of the body’s dry weight

complex organic molecules used to bulid and maintain living cells

Answer 24

proteins

Question 25

complex proteins that control chemical reactions in the cell

Answer 25

enzymes

Question 26

proteins are made of simpler molecules called

Answer 26

amino acids

Question 27

among the most complex molecules in the cell

Answer 27

proteins

Question 28

a varied group of compounds characterized by their INSOLUBILITY in water

Answer 28

lipids

Question 29

make up lipids

Answer 29

fats, oils, fatlike substances

Question 30

all cell membranes are built mainly of

Answer 30

lipids

Question 31

the simplest type of lipid molecule a molecule made of carbon and oxygen atoms attached to a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Answer 31

fatty acid

Question 32

when every possible bond to hydrogen is occupied

Answer 32

saturated fatt acids

Question 33

can form one or more pairs of bonds to hydrogen

Answer 33

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 34

in cells, fatty acids are combined into larger molecules called

Answer 34

FATS

Question 35

because fats consist of three fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule called glyceride, they are called

Answer 35

triglycerides

Question 36

fats that are liquid at room temperature

Answer 36

oils

Question 37

when hydrogen is added to vegetable oils to change them from liquid to soild or semisolid

Answer 37

hydrogenated oils

Question 38

is used by our bodies to make bile, vitamin D, and important hormones small amount also used in cell membranes

Answer 38

cholesterol

Question 39

the energy carrier of the cell that is a convenient form for the temporary storage of chemical energy

Answer 39

ATP

Question 40

important organic substances found in plants and animals and foods made from them

Answer 40

vitamins

Question 41

vitamins can be divided into two groups:

Answer 41

water-soluble vitamins fat-soluble vitamins

Question 42

'vitamins easily eliminated from the body consist of vitamins C and the eight B-Complex vitamins

Answer 42

water-soluble vitamins

Question 43

accumulate in the body if ingested in excess consists of vitamins A,D,E,K

Answer 43

fat-soluble vitamins

Question 44

molecules that assist a cell's enzymes in performing their jobs

Answer 44

coenzymes

Question 45

substances that neutralize harmful molecules

Answer 45

antioxidants

Question 46

harmful molecules

Answer 46

free radicals

Question 47

vitamins that are antioxidants

Answer 47

C and E

Question 48

important inorganic nutrients needed for proper growth and repair of body tissues

Answer 48

minerals

Question 49

minerals important for building body tissues

Answer 49

calcium phosphorous iron iodine

Question 50

minerals that are vitally important but only needed in extremely small quantities

Answer 50

trace elements

Question 51

examples of trace elements

Answer 51

iron iodine

Question 52

the protein that transport oxygen through the body

Answer 52

hemoglobin

Question 53

much of a person's weight is

Answer 53

water

Question 54

makes up nearly 60% of the total body water inside the body's cells

Answer 54

intracellular fluid

Question 55

surrounds the cells and is found primarily in blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid and the joints

Answer 55

extracellular fluid

Question 56

condition when the body tissues absorb extra fluids and cannot maintain proper water balance

Answer 56

edema

Question 57

a tube formed by the organs of the digestive system that extends from the mouth to the anus includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestines

Answer 57

alimentary canal

Question 58

purposes of the alimentary canal

Answer 58

digestion absorption of nutrients elimination of wastes

Question 59

the changing of food substances with large, complex chemical molecules into substances with smaller, less comple molecules

Answer 59

digestion

Question 60

muscular action which continually mixes food

Answer 60

peristalsis

Question 61

when something is melted by heat and broken down it is

Answer 61

emulsified

Question 62

fats are melted by heat and broken into smaller droplets by the action of

Answer 62

bile

Question 63

digestion takes place in a series of small steps that are controlled by special proteins called

Answer 63

enzymes

Question 64

a soaplike substance formed by the liver

Answer 64

bile

Question 65

any substance that speeds up a chemical change but is not consumed in the process

Answer 65

catalyst

Question 66

control digestion and are produced by tiny secreting bodies called digestive glands

Answer 66

digestive enzymes