Section 22.2- The Design of the Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

God designed the cell to be composed primarily of four main elements:

Answer 1

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

Question 2

the three main parts of every cell in plants, man, and animals

Answer 2

cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

Question 3

the outer boundary layer of the cell that separates the cell and its environment and controls what eneters and leaves the cell

Answer 3

cell membranesere

Question 4

serves as the fluid medium for the many molecules and organelles

Answer 4

cytoplasm

Question 5

middle of cell

contains the genetic material of the cell and serves as the cell’s master control center

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

the contents of human and animal cells are separated from the outside environment by a very, thin, flexible barrier called the

Answer 6

cell membrance

Question 7

a cell membrane is composed of special lipid molecules called

Answer 7

phospholipids

Question 8

added to phospholipids to maintain desired flexibility

Answer 8

cholestrol

Question 9

the phospholipid molecules cluster backs to back, forming a two-layered structure referred to as a

Answer 9

lipid bilayer

Question 10

embedded in the membrane

carry out important functions

Answer 10

membrane proteins

Question 11

a network of flexible reinforcement fibers beneath the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Answer 11

membrane skeleton

Question 12

the fibers of the membrane skeleton of red blood cells are made from strong, cablelike protein called

Answer 12

spectrin

Question 13

many of the spectrin reinforcement fibers are attached to

Answer 13

actin filaments

Question 14

the cell membrane is _________________

allows water and SOME small molecules to cross freely through it

Answer 14

semipermeable membrane

Question 15

membrane proteins that allow the cell to pump atoms nto or out of the cell in order to preserve the right ion balance

Answer 15

ion pumps

Question 16

proteins serve as

Answer 16

portals or gates

Question 17

proteins that inform the cell about the outside environment are

Answer 17

receptors

Question 18

serve as identification tags that allow other cells to recognize the cell’s identity

Answer 18

molecular tags

Question 19

a rigid, boxlike structure outisde the cell membrane that stiffens the cell, allowing a plant to stand upright even though it lacks a skeleton

Answer 19

cell wall

Question 20

material manufactured by the plant cell to make the cell wall stiffer

Answer 20

lignin

Question 21

within the cell is a jelly-like fluid known as the

Answer 21

cytoplasm

Question 22

the cytoplasm contains an extraordinary diversity of

Answer 22

organelles

Question 23

most of the activities of life occur within the

Answer 23

cytoplasm and its organelles

Question 24

large protein molecules that carry out various chemical reactions to produce energy, transform raw materials, or break down old proteins

Answer 24

enzymes

Question 25

the cell's intricate internal skeleton that helps it maintain shape

Answer 25

cytoskeleton

Question 26

the cytoskeleton of a cell is composed primarily of hollow, rodlike, filaments composed of a protein called tubulin

Answer 26

microtubules

Question 27

smaller actin filaments in the cytoskeleton that act as cables, girdles, and winches

Answer 27

intermediate filaments

Question 28

act as the "highway system" for the cell

Answer 28

microtubules

Question 29

proteins produced in ribosomes can be packaged in special containers called

Answer 29

vesticles

Question 30

the dynamic behavior of the microtubules is coordinated in every cell by the

Answer 30

microtubule-organizing center

Question 31

the microtubule-organizing center is a structure located near the nucleus at the center of the cell called

Answer 31

centrosome

Question 32

a pair of cylindrical structures made of tubulin play an important part in cell movement and divison

Answer 32

centrioles

Question 33

a well-known protozoa that moves about by adjusting its cytoskeleton to change its shape

Answer 33

amoeba

Question 34

the power plants of a cell are organelles known as

Answer 34

mitochondria

Question 35

oxidizes or burns carbohydrates and fats and uses the energy to produce ATP

Answer 35

mitochondria

Question 36

part of the mitochondrion that contains many pores and allows molecules to pass through

Answer 36

outer membrane

Question 37

part of the mitochondrion that is highly folded and very selective in what it permits to pass through where many of the energy generating reactions take place

Answer 37

inner membrane

Question 38

the space at the core of the mitochondrion

Answer 38

matrix

Question 39

the space between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondrion

Answer 39

intermembrane space

Question 40

one of the major differences between plant and animals cells is the presence in plant cells of very complex organelles similar in design to mitochondria

Answer 40

chloroplasts

Question 41

within the folded membrane of the chloroplast occur the complex reactions of

Answer 41

photosynthesis

Question 42

some of the most important moelcules in a cell are

Answer 42

proteins

Question 43

in a living cell, proteins are manufactured by special "protein factories" called

Answer 43

ribosomes

Question 44

ribosomes follow blueprint from the cell's nucleus to assemble amino acids into complex proteins through process called

Answer 44

translation

Question 45

the most important molecular machines in a mitochondrion are the are embedded in the mitochondrion's inner membrane

Answer 45

ATP synthases

Question 46

a tiny, ion powered turbogenerator

Answer 46

ATP synthases

Question 47

a network of interconnected sacs and tubules that is connected to the nucleus and extends throughout much of the cell

Answer 47

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 48

the ribosome attaches itself to the ER and injects the protein directly into the ER's internal cavity known as the

Answer 48

ER lumen

Question 49

the two types of ER

Answer 49

rough ER smooth ER

Question 50

structures that serve as the shipping centers of the cell

Answer 50

Golgi apparatus

Question 51

the purpose of the Golgi apparatus is to

Answer 51

1. receive proteins from the rough ER 2. modify them if needed 3. package them in vesicles 4. ship them to their final destinations

Question 52

proteins that are going to the same destinations are loaded into a container called is attached to a nearby microtuble

Answer 52

vesicle

Question 53

a special type of vesicle that function as a recycling center

Answer 53

Lysosomes

Question 54

one of the most obvious characteristics of the cytoplasm in plant cells is the presence of storage space

Answer 54

vacuoles

Question 55

one of the largest and most important cells parts the control center of the cell

Answer 55

nucleus

Question 56

the master program of the cells is encoded in molecules of

Answer 56

DNA

Question 57

the nucleus id separated from the rest of the cell by the

Answer 57

nuclear envelope

Question 58

large protein complexes that serve as gates, regulating the transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus

Answer 58

nuclear pores

Question 59

the main function of the nucleus is to

Answer 59

1. store and maintain the cell's DNA blueprints 2. retrieve information from the DNA as the cells need it

Question 60

the DNA and the proteins associated with it fill the bulk of the nucleus

Answer 60

chromatin

Question 61

distinct region embedded within the nucleus where the ribosomes are assembled

Answer 61

nucleolus