Section 22.3- The Life and Work of Cells

Question 1

cells were designed for one purpose:

Answer 1

to do work

Question 2

the most pressing task that any living cells must accomplish is that of

Answer 2

staying alive

Question 3

a stable internal environment

Answer 3

homeostasis

Question 4

a major physical requirement of cells is maintain the proper

a property related to the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell

Answer 4

osmotic pressure

Question 5

necessary for a cell to maintain life

Answer 5

osmotic pressure
proper pH
temperature
food and wastes
maintenance and repair

Question 6

the primary task of all cells is

Answer 6

to obtain energy

Question 7

gives the cell its ability to work

Answer 7

energy

Question 8

processed used in making and storing energy

Answer 8

photosynthesis

Question 9

living cells break down chemimcal substances and combine them with oxygen to release energy through the process

Answer 9

cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)

Question 10

the energy released by cellular respiration is used to synthesize the special compound

Answer 10

ATP

Question 11

under anaerobic conditions, cellular respiration cannot take place, so cells rely on

Answer 11

fermentation

Question 12

both ____________ and __________________ convert energy into a form the living cells can use

Answer 12

photosynthesis
cellular respiration

Question 13

a few substances such as water, oxygen, and lipids can move in and out of cells from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration by

Answer 13

simple diffusion

Question 14

compounds that cannot pass directly through the cell membrane can move from higher to lower concentration in

uses channel or carrier proteins

Answer 14

facilitated diffusion

Question 15

becuse the cell does not have to use energy for either simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion to occur, these processes are called

Answer 15

passive transport

Question 16

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane from place of LOWER concentration to a place of HIGHER concentration with the expenditure of energy is

Answer 16

active transport

Question 17

the process of transporting particles of material larger than molecules into and out of itself

the process of taking IN large substances

Answer 17

endocytosis

Question 18

the basic methods used in endocytosis

Answer 18

phagocytosis
pinocytosis

Question 19

a process of endocytosis used by certain cells to surround solid particles with the cell membrane and engulf them

Answer 19

phagocytosis

Question 20

form of endocytosis that involves the intake of liquids

Answer 20

pinocytosis

Question 21

cellular wastes products are eliminated from the cytoplasm by the process of

in this process, secretion-containing vesicles move to the surface of the cell and open, spilling their content to the exterior

Answer 21

exocytosis

Question 22

biologists study the reproductive process of cells and summarize it as part of the

Answer 22

cell cycle

Question 23

one of the most amazing aspects of the design of living cells is their ability to

Answer 23

reproduce

Question 24

the cell cycle has ____________ phases

Answer 24

four (G1, S, G2, M)

Question 25

the first three phases of the cell cycle are collectively called the the stage between cell divisions

Answer 25

interphase

Question 26

all of the cell's normal activities occur during

Answer 26

interphase

Question 27

during the S (synthesis) phase, each DNA molecule or _________________ is carefully replicated

Answer 27

chromosomes

Question 28

a replicated chromosome consists of two identical DNA molecules, each of which is a

Answer 28

chromatid

Question 29

small structure in the middle of the DNA molecules that fastens together the chromatids

Answer 29

centromere

Question 30

controls the formation of microtubules in the cytoskeleton

Answer 30

centrosome

Question 31

whiplike tails that extend from the cells

Answer 31

flagella

Question 32

tiny hairlike projections that extend from the cell membrane found in stationary cells

Answer 32

cilia

Question 33

two movable appendages for cell movement

Answer 33

cilia flagella

Question 34

the cell divides during this phase

Answer 34

M phase

Question 35

the two main processes of the M phase

Answer 35

mitosis cytokinesis

Question 36

the M phase process in which the nucleus of a cell divides to generate two nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus

Answer 36

mitosis

Question 37

M phase process in which the cytoplasm separates to form two separate cells with their own nuclei, organelles, cell membranes, and cell walls

Answer 37

cytokinesis

Question 38

very special propulsion system used by cells

Answer 38

electric motor

Question 39

the process of mitosis consists of four stages:

Answer 39

1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 4. telophase

Question 40

the first stage of mitosis in which the cell packages its chromosomes into tightly packed structures that are visible through a microscope

Answer 40

prophase

Question 41

the structure to which chromosomes attach during metaphase

Answer 41

spindle apparatus

Question 42

as this mitosis stage begins, the nuclear envelope has completely disappeared, and the centrosomes are at the opposite poles of the cell

Answer 42

metaphase

Question 43

as this mitosis stage begins, the chromatids en each replicated chromosome separate from each other and begin to move apart

Answer 43

anaphase

Question 44

follows the anaphase and is in some respects the reverse of prophase

Answer 44

telophase

Question 45

cytokinesis typically begins during _______________ and ends during or shortly after ________________-

Answer 45

anaphase telophase

Question 46

cell death through trauma such as disease or injury is

Answer 46

necrosis

Question 47

programmed cell death that a cell can trigger once it is no longer needed or no longer ble to survive

Answer 47

apoptosis