Chapter 8 - Hormones and Sex

Question 1

____________ are chemicals, secreted by endocrine glands, that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate target organs or tissues.

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

_________ secrete hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant targets.

Answer 2

endocrine glands

Question 3

In endocrine communication, the chemical signal is a _________ released into the bloodstream to selectively affect distant target organs.

Answer 3

endocrine

Question 4

____________ communication is when pheromones are released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same species.

Answer 4

pheromone

Question 5

__________ communication occurs when allomones are released by members of one species to affect the behavior of individuals of another species.

Answer 5

allomone

Question 6

What three categories do most hormones fall into?

Answer 6

peptide hormones, amine hormones, or steroid hormones

Question 7

_________ hormones, or protein hormones, are hormones that consist of a string of amino acids.

Answer 7

peptide

Question 8

Different peptide hormones consist of different combinations of between ___ and ___ amino acids.

Answer 8

2, 50

Question 9

__________ hormones, or monoamine hormones, are composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine.

Answer 9

amine

Question 10

__________ hormones are derived from cholesterol and thus share their structure of four rings of carbon atoms.

Answer 10

steroid

Question 11

Because steroid dissolve readily in ________, they can pass through membranes easily.

Answer 11

lipids

Question 12

Peptide and amine hormones bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of the target cell and activate chemical signals inside the cell called _________________.

Answer 12

second messengers

Question 13

_________ are slow-acting substances in a target cell that amplify the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulate activity within the target cell.

Answer 13

second messengers

Question 14

Steroid hormones easily pass through cell membranes, so their receptors are generally located ___________ the target cell.

Answer 14

inside

Question 15

_________ hormones are typically slower acting than other hormones.

Answer 15

steroid

Question 16

The _________ is a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull.

Answer 16

pituitary gland

Question 17

The ___________ is a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Answer 17

pituitary stalk

Question 18

A _____________ is a neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation.

Answer 18

neuroendocrine cell

Question 19

Neuroendocrine cells receive synaptic signals from other neurons and produce action potentials, yet secrete ___________ into the bloodstream.

Answer 19

hormones

Question 20

The ___________ pituitary is the rear division of the pituitary gland that releases hormones.

Answer 20

posterior

Question 21

Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland are produced by ___________ and ___________ neuroendocrine cells.

Answer 21

supraoptic, paraventricular

Question 22

When an action potential arrives at a terminal, _________ or __________ is released from the posterior pituitary directly into the bloodstream.

Answer 22

oxytocin, vaopressin

Question 23

___________ is a peptide hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and is also associated with a variety of complex behaviors.

Answer 23

oxytocin

Question 24

__________ is a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure.

Answer 24

vasopressin

Question 25

The ___________ is a reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling or stimuli associated with suckling.

Answer 25

milk letdown reflex

Question 26

In both men and women a pulse of _________ is released during orgasm.

Answer 26

oxytocin

Question 27

In nonhuman animals, both ________ and _________ facilitate many social processes.

Answer 27

oxytocin, vasopressin

Question 28

___________ are durable and exclusive relationships between two individuals.

Answer 28

pair-bonds

Question 29

The __________ is the process whereby a system monitors its own output and reduces its activity when a set point is reached. The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals.

Answer 29

negative feedback loop

Question 30

The ________ pituitary is the front division of the pituitary gland and it secretes tropic hormones.

Answer 30

anterior

Question 31

_________ hormones are hormones of any class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.

Answer 31

tropic hormones

Question 32

To regulate the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, the hypothalamus uses peptide hormones called _____________ hormones.

Answer 32

releasing

Question 33

The __________ is an elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 33

hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Question 34

_________ hormones are tropic hormones that are secreted by the anterior pituitary and promote the growth of cells and tissues.

Answer 34

growth (GH)

Question 35

_______ are any sexual organs that produce gametes for reproduction.

Answer 35

gonads

Question 36

The __________ hormone is a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormones and follicle-stimulating hormones from the pituitary.

Answer 36

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 37

__________ are anterior pituitary tropic hormones that stimulate the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes.

Answer 37

gonadotropins

Question 38

___________ hormones are gonadotropins that stimulate the growth and maturation of egg-containing follicles and the secretion of estrogens from the follicles or sperm production in males.

Answer 38

follicle-stimulating (FSH)

Question 39

__________ hormones are gonadotropins that stimulate effects on the ovarian corpora lutea.

Answer 39

luteinizing (LH)

Question 40

_________ hormones stimulate the follicles of the ovary to rupture, release their eggs, and form into structures called corpora lutea that secrete sex steroid hormone progesterone, and testosterone in males.

Answer 40

luteinizing

Question 41

__________ is a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty.

Answer 41

testosterone

Question 42

__________ are any of a class of hormones that includes testosterone and similar steroids.

Answer 42

androgens

Question 43

What two major classes of steroid hormones does the ovary produce?

Answer 43

progestins and estrogens

Question 44

________ are any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone.

Answer 44

progestins

Question 45

___________ are any of a class of steroid hormones, including estradiol, produced by female gonads.

Answer 45

estrogens

Question 46

The most important naturally occurring estrogen is _____________, the primary type of estrogen secreted by the ovary.

Answer 46

estradiol

Question 47

The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary is ____________.

Answer 47

progesterone

Question 48

The ______________ is the periodic occurrence of ovulation in females.

Answer 48

ovulatory cycle

Question 49

The ovulatory cycle begins when ______ stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and secrete estrogens.

Answer 49

FSH

Question 50

Estrogens induce the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release ______, which triggers the release of an egg from a follicle (ovulation) and causes the follicle to develop as a corpus luteum.

Answer 50

LH

Question 51

The corpus luteum secretes _________ for a limited time to maintain the uterus for pregnancy, but the if the female doesn't become pregnant, the cycle starts again.

Answer 51

progesterone

Question 52

Glands manufacture steroid hormones by using _________ to modify cholesterol into different steroids.

Answer 52

enzymes

Question 53

Ovaries convert cholesterol into __________, and then convert those into androgens, which are then converted into __________.

Answer 53

progestins, estrogens

Question 54

The __________ convert a small proportion of testosterone into estradiol, while the _________ convert most of the testosterone they make into estradiol.

Answer 54

testes, ovaries

Question 55

The interactions between endocrine activity and behavior are ___________.

Answer 55

cyclical

Question 56

_________ refers to a state in which a female advertises her readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors.

Answer 56

proceptive

Question 57

_________ is the transfer of sperm from a male to a female.

Answer 57

copulation

Question 58

____________ is the insertion of the penis into the vagina during copulation.

Answer 58

intromissions

Question 59

The _________ is the opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females.

Answer 59

vagina

Question 60

_________ is a mixture of fluid and sperm that is released during ejaculation.

Answer 60

semen

Question 62

The _____________ is a period following copulation during which an individual does not recommence copulation.

Answer 62

refractory phase

Question 63

The __________ is the propensity of an animal that appears sexually satisfied with a current partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner.

Answer 63

Coolidge effect

Question 64

____________ refers to the state in which an individual is willing to copulate.

Answer 64

sexually receptive

Question 65

________ is the period during which female animals are sexually receptive.

Answer 65

estrus

Question 66

__________ is a female receptive posture in four-legged animals in which the hindquarters are raised and the tail is turned to one side.

Answer 66

lordosis

Question 67

The ___________ is a hypothalamic region involved in sexual behaviors, eating, and aggression.

Answer 67

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 68

The VMH sends axons to the ______________, a midbrain region involved in pain perception.

Answer 68

periaqueductal gray

Question 69

The ____________ is a region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including sexual behavior, gonadotropin secretion, and thermoregulation.

Answer 69

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

Question 70

The __________ is a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain.

Answer 70

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

Question 71

The _________ is a portion of the amygdala that received olfactory and pheromonal information.

Answer 71

medial amygdala

Question 72

________ refers to the surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply.

Answer 72

parabiotic

Question 73

__________ is the process by which individuals develop either male-like or female-like bodies and behavior.

Answer 73

sexual differentiation

Question 74

The _______ gene is on the Y chromosome and directs the developing gonads to become testes.

Answer 74

SRY

Question 75

In XX individuals, no Sry protein is produced, and the gonad becomes an __________.

Answer 75

ovary