PSYC 210 - Biological Rhythms

Question 1

The __________ rhythm is a yearly, migratory cycle.

Answer 1

circannual

Question 2

The _________ rhythm is longer than a day, monthly, such as the menstrual cycle.

Answer 2

infradian

Question 3

The __________ rhythm is a cycle that happens every 24 hours, daily, such as the human-sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 3

circadian

Question 4

_________ rhythm is a cycle that happens within a few hours, or a day, such as meals or sleep cycles.

Answer 4

ultradian

Question 5

Humans and animals have ________ for biological rhythms.

Answer 5

endogenous clocks

Question 6

Cues that synchronize biological rhythms

Answer 6

zietgeber

Question 7

the process of synchronizing an endogenous biological rhythm to the rhythm of an environmental cue

Answer 7

entrainment

Question 8

Humans and animals show __________ despite living in a constant light or constant dark environment.

Answer 8

biological rhythms

Question 9

spontaneous rhythm in environments without changes in lightness

Answer 9

free running rhythm

Question 10

Human free running circadian rhythm is on average ______ than 24 hours.

Answer 10

greater

Question 11

With exposure to sunlight during the day and darkness at nighttime, animals and humans express an _________ circadian rhythm.

Answer 11

entrained

Question 12

During constant light or constant dark, animals express a _________ circadian rhythm.

Answer 12

free running

Question 13

The ______ of the hypothalamus is the master oscillator of biological rhythms.

Answer 13

SCN

Question 14

Individual ______ neurons fire rhythmically in a tissue culture.

Answer 14

SCN

Question 15

Rhythmic SCN neuronal activity is __________.

Answer 15

genetically programmed

Question 16

________ genes are also found in cells of other organs.

Answer 16

clock

Question 17

_______ coordinates cells that control the rhythmic occurrence of different physiological events or behaviors (e.g., digestion, blood pressure, sleep).

Answer 17

SCN

Question 18

Lesions of the SCN lead to irregular locomotor activity patterns (_______).Transplant of __________ SCN cells restores the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.

Answer 18

arrhythmic, embryonic

Question 19

The SCN gets light cue from the ____________ tract. Light signal is transmitted from a small population of retinal ganglion cells (neurons) to the SCN of the ___________.

Answer 19

retinohypothalamic, hypothalamus

Question 20

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells have no image-forming function, but detect _____________ and express ___________, a light-sensitive substance.

Answer 20

brightness, melanopsin

Question 21

Loss of ipRGCs causes an exhibition of ___________ rhythm because no way to interpret light information.

Answer 21

free running

Question 22

___% of neurons are retinal ganglion cells.

Answer 22

95

Question 23

__% of neurons are ipGRCs that don’t need input, just light.

Answer 23

5

Question 24

_________ can be caused by travel, work shifts, or social.

Answer 24

jet lag

Question 25

Jet lag can be reduced by ____ exposure & intensity, meal _________, and weekend sleep catch up.

Answer 25

light, entrainment

Question 26

_________ rhythm is formed based on changes in the length of the light cycle throughout the year.

Answer 26

circannual

Question 27

You secrete melatonin longer in the _________.

Answer 27

winter

Question 28

The ______ gland secretes melatonin at nighttime.

Answer 28

pineal

Question 29

When it becomes dark outside, the pineal gland secretes ______ melatonin.

Answer 29

more

Question 30

_____ is involved in circannual rhythm. Male testosterone secretion is inhibited by the large amount of __________ in the winter.

Answer 30

SCN, melatonin

Question 31

Hamsters engage in more sexual behavior in the summer when melatonin production ____________ because gonads will grow and ___________ hormone production that stimulates sexual behavior.

Answer 31

decrease, increase

Question 32

Symptoms of winter SAD can be alleviated using ___________ (30 minutes) in the morning.

Answer 32

light exposure

Question 33

Dark environment in the winter can increase depressive symptoms.

Answer 33

Winter SAD

Question 34

If the SCN is intact, people can express __________ and _________ rhythm.

Answer 34

free running, entrained circadian

Question 35

If a person has an intact SCN, but both eyes have lost melanopsin and ipRGC, they cannot show entrained circadian rhythm, but instead ___________ rhythm.

Answer 35

free running

Question 36

If there are lesions in the SCN only __________ rhythm will be expressed.

Answer 36

irregular