Chapter 10 - Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Question 1

A _____________ is a regular fluctuation in any living process.

Answer 1

biological rhythm

Question 2

A ___________ is a pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period.

Answer 2

circadian rhythm

Question 3

___________ refers to a rhythmic biological event with a period shorter than a day, usually from several minutes to several hours long.

Answer 3

ultradian

Question 4

______________ rhythms are seen in behaviors such as bouts of activity, feeding, and hormone release.

Answer 4

ultradian

Question 5

__________ rhythms refer to a biological rhythm that takes more than a day.

Answer 5

infradian

Question 6

The human menstrual cycle is an example of a __________ rhythm.

Answer 6

infradian

Question 7

______________ is the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus.

Answer 7

entrainment

Question 8

What actually triggers breeding seasons in animals?

Answer 8

light exposure

Question 9

A ___________ is a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light.

Answer 9

phase shift

Question 10

The _____________ is a small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.

Answer 10

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 11

A lesion in the SCN can completely eliminate _________________.

Answer 11

endogenous rhythm

Question 12

Most vertebrates have ________________ outside the eye that entrain their circadian rhythms.

Answer 12

photoreceptors

Question 13

The ___________ secretes melatonin at night to inform the brain about day length.

Answer 13

pineal gland

Question 14

___________ is an amine hormone that signals day length to the brain.

Answer 14

melatonin

Question 15

The ______________ is the route by which specialized retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

Answer 15

retinohypothalamic pathway

Question 16

___________ is a photopigment found in those retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Answer 16

melanopsin

Question 17

What are the two distinct classes of sleep?

Answer 17

rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep

Question 18

___________ is a pattern of EEG activity compromising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude.

Answer 18

beta activity

Question 19

A fully awake person will display a pattern of ______________.

Answer 19

beta activity

Question 20

_________ rhythms appear during relaxation.

Answer 20

alpha

Question 21

Sharp waves called __________ define stage 1 sleep.

Answer 21

vertex spikes

Question 22

Brief periods of _________ and _____________ are characteristic of stage 2 sleep.

Answer 22

sleep spindles, K complexes

Question 23

Stage 3 slow-wave sleep is recognized by large, slow __________ waves.

Answer 23

delta.

Question 24

Despite deep muscle relaxation, the EEG activity in ________ resembles that of waking.

Answer 24

REM sleep

Question 25

The _________ rhythm is a brain potential of 8-12 Hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness.

Answer 25

alpha

Question 26

________ are a sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep.

Answer 26

vertex spikes

Question 27

__________ is the initial stage of non-REM sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension.

Answer 27

stage 1 sleep

Question 28

___________ is a stage of sleep that is defined by bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles.

Answer 28

stage 2 sleep

Question 29

_________ are a characteristic of 12-14 Hz waves in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.

Answer 29

sleep spindles

Question 30

_________ are sharp, negative EEG potential that are seen in stage 2 sleep.

Answer 30

K complexes

Question 31

When will people typically deny having been asleep if awoken?

Answer 31

During the first two stages of sleep

Question 32

__________, or slow-wave sleep, is a stage of non-REM sleep that is defined by the presence of large-amplitude, slow delta waves.

Answer 32

stage 3 sleep

Question 33

__________ are the slowest type of EEG wave, about 1 per second, that are characteristic of stage 3 sleep.

Answer 33

delta waves

Question 34

__________ sleep occurs when the EEG displays a pattern of small-amplitude, high-frequency activity during which the eyes of the person are darting rapidly under their lids.

Answer 34

REM sleep

Question 35

________ refers to the complete absence of muscle tone that occurs during REM sleep.

Answer 35

atonia

Question 36

Atonia appears during REM sleep because brainstem regions are inhibiting __________ neurons.

Answer 36

motor

Question 37

REM sleep is accompanied by irregular _______ and ___________, and we often experience _____________.

Answer 37

breathing, pulse rate, vivid dreams

Question 38

About half of our sleep occurs during __________ sleep.

Answer 38

stage 2

Question 39

REM sleep accounts for about _____ percent of total sleep.

Answer 39

20

Question 40

___________ sleep, during which the pituitary gland releases growth hormones, occurs more early in the night.

Answer 40

stage 3

Question 41

_______ sleep is more prominent in the later cycles of sleep.

Answer 41

REM

Question 42

What makes dreams during REM sleep distinctive?

Answer 42

visual imagery

Question 43

___________ is a sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.

Answer 43

night terror

Question 44

The ___________ theory suggests that our experiences in REM sleep are the more or less random results of which neurons happen to get activated.

Answer 44

activation-synthesis

Question 45

A stable pattern of sleep at night doesn't occur until about __ weeks of age.

Answer 45

16

Question 46

Infant mammals show a large percentage of _________ sleep.

Answer 46

REM

Question 47

The preponderance of REM sleep early in life suggests that this state provides stimulation that is essential to ____________ of the nervous system.

Answer 47

maturation

Question 48

As we age, our total amount of sleep ________ and our number of awakenings _____________.

Answer 48

decrease, increase

Question 50

In humans and other mammals, the most dramatic decline in sleep as we age is in ___________ sleep.

Answer 50

stage 3

Question 51

___________ is the partial or total prevention of sleep.

Answer 51

sleep deprivation

Question 52

___________ is the process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation.

Answer 52

sleep recovery

Question 53

___________ is an inherited disease that causes people in middle age to stop sleeping, which after a few months results in death.

Answer 53

fatal familial insomnia

Question 54

What four functions are most often ascribed to sleep?

Answer 54

energy conservation, niche adaptation, body and brain restoration, and memory consolidation

Question 55

Sleep is an __________ state activated by the forebrain system, brainstem system, pontine system, and hypothalamic system.

Answer 55

active

Question 56

The __________ system generate SWS.

Answer 56

forebrain

Question 57

The _________ system activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness.

Answer 57

brainstem

Question 58

The _________ system triggers REM sleep.

Answer 58

pontine

Question 59

The ____________ system coordinates the other three brain regions to determines which state of sleep we're in.

Answer 59

hypothalamic

Question 60

The __________ is an extensive region of the brainstem that is involved in arousal.

Answer 60

reticular formation

Question 61

The __________ is a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain.

Answer 61

locus coeruleus

Question 62

The locus coeruleus is an area of the pons that is important for _______ sleep.

Answer 62

REM

Question 63

__________ is a disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.

Answer 63

narcolepsy

Question 64

___________ is a sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness.

Answer 64

cataplexy

Question 65

For both people and dogs with narcolepsy, they often show __________ sleep immediately upon falling asleep.

Answer 65

REM

Question 66

__________, or hypocretin, is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.

Answer 66

orexin

Question 67

__________ normally keeps sleep at bay and prevents the transition of wakefulness directly into REM sleep.

Answer 67

orexin

Question 68

The neurons that produce orexin are found in the _____________.

Answer 68

hypothalamus

Question 69

_________ is a state, during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost.

Answer 69

sleep paralysis

Question 70

____________ insomnia is difficulty falling asleep, while ____________ insomnia is difficulty remaining asleep.

Answer 70

sleep-onset, sleep-maintenance

Question 71

____________ is known as the perception of not having been asleep when in fact the person has been.

Answer 71

sleep state misperception

Question 72

____________ is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the sleeper.