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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 3 - Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Learning & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Process by which experience results in changes in behavior.

A

learning

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2
Q

internal record of past experiences acquired through learning

A

memory

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3
Q

What are the two categories of memory?

A

declarative, nondeclarative

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4
Q

_______ memory is a broad class of memories that can typically be verbalized or explicitly communicated in some other way.

A

declarative

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5
Q

________ memory is a broad class of memory that cannot be verbalized and that are not always consciously accesible.

A

nondeclarative

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6
Q

What are the 4 categories of nondeclarative memory?

A

skill/motor/procedural, priming, conditioning, and nonassociative

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7
Q

What are the two categories of declarative memory?

A

episodic, semantic

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8
Q

Everything is _______ the first time it happens to you, but events become _________ after repeated epxosure.

A

novel, mundane

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9
Q

Through _________, you learn not to respond to particular events.

A

repetition

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10
Q

a decrease in the strength of occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behavior

A

habituation

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11
Q

When examining habituation, researchers use simple examples that often involve a single, easily controlled _________ and a single, easily measurable ________.

A

stimulus, response

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12
Q

defensive response to a startling stimulus

A

acoustic startle reflex

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13
Q

an organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus.

A

orienting response

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14
Q

The orienting response can be seen in infants when they are presented with a novel visual stimulus and fixate on it. With repeated presentations, the duration of the fixation will _________.

A

decrease

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15
Q

__________ refers to the fact that habituation to one event does not cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality.

A

stimulus specificity

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16
Q

Habituation is not the result of _______-.

A

fatigue

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17
Q

A less arousing stimulus will result in ____________ habituation.

A

faster

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18
Q

A greater number of presentations of a stimulus creates ______ habituation.

A

more

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19
Q

Closely spaced repetitions of a stimulus (massed) creates ________ habituation.

A

faster

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20
Q

Repeated exposures to a stimulus that are spread out over time (spaced) create a ___________ duration habituation.

A

longer

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21
Q

phenomenon in which an arousing stimulus leads to stronger responses to a later stimulus

A

sensitization

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22
Q

________ presentations of a stimulus are required for habituation than sensitization.

A

fewer

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23
Q

Sensitization is not stimulus specific, so presentation of one stimulus can enhance response of a _______ stimulus.

A

different

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24
Q

Habituation and sensitization are both forms of __________ learning.

A

nonassociative

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25
What are the 2 forms of associative learning?
classical and operant conditioning
26
Known for developing methods for studying animal learning that are still widespread today (classical conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov
27
a form of learning in which the organism acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific response upcoming important event - also called Pavlovian conditioning
classical conditioning
28
What are the basic concepts of classical conditioning?
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
29
a cue that has some biological significance and that naturally evokes a response
unconditioned stimulus
30
the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
31
In addition to an unconditioned stimulus and response, we need a ________ stimulus that does not elicit the unconditioned response.
neutral
32
During classical conditioning training, the neutral stimulus is paired with the ___________ stimulus.
unconditioned
33
In classical conditioning training, the ____________ stimulus initially causes the unconditioned response. With repeated pairings, a learned association develops between a _________ stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
unconditioned, neutral
34
a cue that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and elicits a conditoined response (CR)
conditioned stimulus
35
trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
conditioned response (CR)
36
Some of _________ most influential studies involved observing how cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes (operant conditioning)
Edward Thorndike's
37
organism learns to make a response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences (instrumental conditioning)
operant conditioning
38
In operant conditioning, the organism's behavior is _________ in determining whether the consequences occur.
instrumental
39
In __________ conditioning, organisms experience an outcome (US) regardless of whether or not they perform the conditioned response (CR).
classical
40
In _________ conditioning, the outcome depends on whether the organism performs the response.
operant
41
__________ learning includes habituation and sensitization, while __________ learning includes classical and operant conditioning.
non-associative, associative
42
explained how rats are like humans in that they are intrinsically motivated to learn the general layout of mazes by forming what he called a cognitive map
edward tolman
43
an internal psychological representation of the spatial layout of the external world
cognitive map
44
learning that is unconnected to a consequence and remains undetected until explicitly demonstrated at a later stage
latent learning
45
What are the subregions of the hippocampus?
dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum
46
firing rate of a neuron is represented as a function of space
spatial ratemap
47
small area of increased activity
place field
48
________ cells are found in the hippocampus.
place
49
Place cells have _________ coding.
spatial
50
In cognitive maps, each square is a __________ for one neuron. Different __________ code for different locations. All together, there are place fields covering the entire open field.
spatial ratemap, place cells
51
the 360 degrees that a rate can be facing in a cognitive map are correspondingly represented around the circle
polar ratemap
52
In a polar ratemap, head direction is __________ of spatial location, so firing is dispersed throughout the open field.
independent
53
Over the population of head direction cells all _________ are coded in the polar ratemap.
directions
54
A ____________ will be created even if the rat is simply walking around the maze without purpose, indicating a potential role in latent learning.
cognitive map
55
The overhead view of the open field in the cognitive map records action potentials from a single neuron in the ____________ while rats explore an open field.
hippocampus
56
________ lines in the cognitive map show the path the rat took through the open field.
black
57
_________ in a cognitive map show the location of the rat when the neuron fired an action potential.
red dots
58
In order to get a change in _______________ there must be a change somewhere in the brain.
behavior
59
a physical change in the brain that forms the basis of memory
engram
60
___________ lesioned different amounts of the cortex and observed the effects on rats' performance in a maze.
Karl Lashley
61
Lashley found that the lesion _________ correlated with number of _______ rats made in the maze. _________ lesions resulted in more errors.
size, errors, larger
62
The ________ is distributed and not stored in any one brain region.
engram
63
"connected" neurons are actually separated by a narrow gap called a _______, about _____ nanometers.
synapse, 20
64
Chemicals are passed across presynaptic and postsynaptic __________ between neurons.
synapses
65
Most synapses are formed between the ______ of one neuron and the __________ of another neuron.
axon, dendrite
66
small protruding extension of a dendritic membrane that is a contact location for a single axon terminal
dendritic spine
67
_________ area a small store of neurotransmitter.
vesicles
68
In what ways can the brain change?
signal transmission and structural change
69
The _________ environment includes food and water, while the ___________ environment includes food and water, toys, other animals, and learning opportunities.
standard/deprived, enriched
70
Enriched environment results in ________ and ________ dendritic branches with a greater number of connections. This is better for ___________.
more, longer, learning performance
71
_________ changes take time.
structural
72
__________ developed severe epilepsy as a child and by age 16 had regularly debilitating seizures that left him unconscious. Doctors tried to treat him through surgery, which caused him to develop anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Patient H.M.
73
unable to form new episodic memories
anterograde amnesia
74
loss of memories for recent events, but intact memories for events further back in time
retrograde amnesia
75
memory for a personal experience of specific autobiographical events; includes information about the spatial and temporal contexts in which the event occurred.
episodic memory
76
memory for facts and general knowledge about the world, including general personal information
semantic memory
77
While __________ memory can be acquired from only a single exposure, __________ memory can be acquired in a single exposure or through repetition.
episodic,semantic
78
_________ memory only involves factual information.
semantic
79
Both episodic and semantic memory are dependent on the ________ lobe.
Medial Temporal
80
Episodic memories are initially encoded and stored in the ___________, which repeatedly sends memory representation to the cortex. Eventually, memory is stored in the _________.
hippocampus, cortex
81
The ___________ is the main source of acetylcholine to cortical structures.
basal forebrain
82
Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei are main source of ___________ to the brainstem and cerebellum.
acetylcholine
83
High acetylcholine in the neocortex results in __________ in the hippocampus. Low acetylcholine results in _______, promoting transfer to cortex.
encoding, consolidation
84
If there is not enough time to ____________ the memory in the cortex, the memory is still dependent on the hippocampus. If there is sufficient time after ____________ to consolidate the memory in the cortex, the memory is not dependent on the hippocampus.
consolidate, encoding

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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