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PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience > PSYC 210 - Sleep > Flashcards

PSYC 210 - Sleep Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Sleep is a __________ because we have a set of neurons controlling our activation of sleep.

A

behavior

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2
Q

Sleep is essential for __________.

A

survival

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3
Q

We sleep for _________ restoration, __________ consolidation, and to clear out brain waste.

A

energy, memory

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4
Q

A genetic disease that causes insomnia and leads to early death.

A

fatal familial insomnia

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5
Q

Brain wave, muscle tone, and eye movements can be monitored to determine _______ of sleep cycles.

A

stages

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6
Q

EEG (Electroencephalogram) measures _____________ activity.

A

brain-wave

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7
Q

EMG (electromyogram) measures ________ activity.

A

muscle

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8
Q

EOG (electrooculogram) measures ____________.

A

eye movement

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9
Q

A sleep cycle contain ____ stages.

A

4

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10
Q

EEG ________ and _________ changes across the 4 stages of sleep.

A

amplitude, frequency

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11
Q

Stages 1-4 of the sleep cycle are ______ sleep.

A

non-REM

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12
Q

Stages 3 & 4 of the sleep cycle are ________ (delta wave) sleep.

A

slow-wave

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13
Q

In a sleep cycle, the sleeper progresses to stage ___ sleep, and then back to stages 3,2, and _______.

A

4, REM

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14
Q

During ______ sleep, your brain activity is similar to when you are awake.

A

REM

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15
Q

It is very easy to wake up during _______ sleep.

A

REM

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16
Q

REM sleep has a _______ amplitude and _______ frequency on the EEG

A

low, high

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17
Q

During REM sleep ___________ activity increases to waking levels.

A

cerebral

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18
Q

loss of muscle tone

A

atonia

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19
Q

___________ occurs during non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The _____ of dream during REM and non-REM differ.

A

dreaming, types

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20
Q

__________ during stage 3 of sleep is a sense of crushing feeling but not vivid dreams.

A

night terror

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21
Q

Dreams during _______ sleep are very action-packed. During _______ sleep, dreams are usually abstract.

A

REM, stage 3

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22
Q

Slow wave sleep has a _____ frequency and _______ amplitude on an EEG.

A

low, high

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23
Q

Sleep walking or talking occurs during ______ sleep.

A

stage 3

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24
Q

During __________ sleep you will experience atonia, but during ________ sleep you will have moderate muscle tone.

A

REM, stage 3

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25
During REM sleep you will have ________ autonomic activity, but during slow-wave sleep you will have ________ autonomic activity.
high, reduced
26
Migratory birds and marine mammals such as dolphins and whales sleep one hemisphere at a time; they experience _________ sleep.
unilateral
27
During __________ sleep there is appearance of delta waves in one hemisphere while the other is desynchronized. This suggests that the two cerebral hemispheres are taking turns sleeping.
unilateral
28
When you try to makeup sleep after deprivation, your total sleep lost is never regained. _________ sleep is compensated most, and ______ is the second most.
stage 4 slow-wave, REM
29
Chronic sleep deprivation impairs _______ function and ________
cognitive, health
30
Chronic ____________ is related to the development of cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, etc.
sleep deprivation
31
Chronic sleep loss interferes with activity of both ________ and ________.
neurons, glias
32
Brief sleep periods lasting up to a few seconds
microsleeps
33
Microsleeps occur during the _________ more frequently in _________ subjects.
day, sleep deprived
34
As you age, your percent of REM sleep __________, which can impact _________.
decreased, brain development
35
After you are deprived of REM sleep, you have an increased tendency to go into REM, known as the _________.
REM rebound
36
Early in life we sleep a great deal, and about ________ of that time spent is in REM sleep.
half
37
By adulthood, we average about _____ hours of sleep at night, ___% of which is REM sleep.
8, 20
38
Most people sleep appreciably _______ in old age.
less
39
A region called the basal forebrain promotes slow-wave sleep by releasing ______ into the tuberomammillary nucleus in the __________.
GABA, hypothalamus
40
The reticular formation in the brain stem consists of multiple ______ and __________. It contains an ________ system and controls major events during ________ sleep.
nuclei, nerve fiber tracts, arousal, REM
41
The brainstem contains an ascending ________ system, projecting mostly monoaminergic axons to the brain. Electrical stimulation here promotes __________ and _________. Lesions can produce ________ sleep states.
arousal, wakefulness, alertness, constant
42
The subcoeruleus, which is just ventral to the locus coeruleus, sends widespread projections to promote _________ sleep.
REM
43
__________ projecting to the spinal cord profoundly inhibit motor neurons so that they cannot fire, causing muscle ________.
Medullary axons, atonia
44
A region in the _____________, including neurons that use ____________ as a neurotransmitter, sends axons to the other three sleep centers and seems to coordinate them, enforcing patterns of sleep.
hypothalamus, hypocretin
45
Loss of __________ can lead to disorganized sleep, such as REM-like muscle atonia while still awake (in narcolepsy).
hypocretin
46
To initiate sleep, the only neuron truly necessary is the _______ neuron in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPOA).
GABA
47
If there is an anterior hypothalamic viral infection, you will have disturbance during sleep because your ______ neurons are produced here.
GABA
48
Histaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotoninergic neurons are involved in ____________.
wakefulness
49
If you have a viral infection in the posterior hypothalamus/midbrain, you will have difficulty ___________ or sleep _______.
staying awake, too much
50
prolonged inability to sleep
insomnia
51
Too little undisturbed sleep contributes to the _________ of insomnia.
perception
52
breathing stops during sleep due to airway obstruction
sleep apnea
53
_______ masks can be used to increase air flow and improve sleep for people with sleep apnea.
CPAP
54
Restless leg syndrome or periodic limb movement disorder is a neurological disorder that causes people to feel pain in their leg that is remedied by __________. Because they feel pain, they have to move a lot during sleep, causing disrupted sleep.
movement
55
Benzodiazepines, such as _______ and _________, and __________ can be used to treat insomnia.
valium, librium, melatonin
56
People can develop drug _________ to benzodiazepines.
tolerance
57
A sudden _________ after chronic usage of benzodiazepines can cause insomnia.
cessation
58
Benzodiazepines may distort the _________ of sleep.
patterns
59
Chronic use of benzodiazepines can reduce _________.
life expectancy
60
_________ has a sleep promoting effect, but there are differences amongst individuals.
melatonin
61
Melatonin is only effective for _________ insomniacs, such as blind people.
melatonin-deficient
62
Narcolepsy causes ___________.
hypersomnia
63
Uncontrollably falling asleep at inappropriate timing
hypersomnia
64
To diagnose ____________, multiple sleep latency tests measure the tendency to fall asleep under a controlled condition during the day.
narcolepsy
65
sudden loss of muscle strength and collapsing during awake phase of the awake-sleep cycle
cataplexy
66
Hypersomnia may be caused by loss of ________ neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, or could be genetic, a result of an infection, or a result of an autoimmune disorder.
orexin
67
Cataplexy (a symptom of narcolepsy) happens when someone has fallen into __________ loss of muscle tone while remaining awake.
REM
68
inability to move while falling asleep or waking up
sleep paralysis
69
dreamlike experiences while awake
hypnogogic hallucinations
70
_________ sleep disorders include cataplexy and sleep paralysis.
REM
71
When people have _________ sleep phase syndrome, they are synchronized with the environment but still have to go to bed early every night.
advanced
72
When people have __________ sleep phase syndrome, they are synchronized with the environment, but still have to go to bed late and wake up late.
delayed
73
Advanced sleep phase syndrome and delayed sleep phase syndrome are _________.
genetic
74
___________ syndrome can result from jetlag or not synchronizing endogenous circadian rhythm with the environment.
non-24-hr sleep-wake
75
__________ syndrome can be caused by lack of SCN neurons or an SCN lesion or a clock gene mutation; causes lack of expression of circadian rhythm.
irregular sleep-wake

PSYC 210 - Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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