Chapter 8 – Microbial Metabolism ⚡️

Question 1

_____ reactions break down larger molecules and release energy.

Answer 1

Catabolic

Question 2

_____ reactions build larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy.

Answer 2

Anabolic

Question 3

The energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed is called ____ ____.

Answer 3

activation energy

Question 4

The specific region on an enzyme where a substrate binds is called the ____ ____.

Answer 4

active site

Question 5

Enzymes are biological _____ that speed up chemical reactions.

Answer 5

catalysts

Question 6

The molecule that an enzyme binds and acts upon is called the _____.

Answer 6

substrate

Question 7

Enzymes lower the _____ energy of a reaction.

Answer 7

activation

Question 8

A non-protein helper required by some enzymes is called a _____.

Answer 8

cofactor

Question 9

Organic cofactors, such as vitamins, are called _____.

Answer 9

coenzymes

Question 10

_____ inhibitors compete with substrates for the enzyme’s active site, while _____ inhibitors bind elsewhere, changing the enzyme’s shape.

Answer 10

Competitive, non-competitive

Question 11

Enzymes are sensitive to changes in _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 11

temperature, pH, chemicals

Question 12

The process of an enzyme losing its shape due to extreme conditions is called _____.

Answer 12

denaturation

Question 13

Enzymes are typically named after their _____ and end in “-ase”.

Answer 13

substrate

Question 14

The molecule that stores and transfers energy in the cell is called ____.

Answer 14

ATP

Question 15

The removal of ATP’s third phosphate group releases energy, forming _____ and _____.

Answer 15

ADP, free phosphate

Question 16

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule is called ______.

Answer 16

phosphorylation

Question 17

The main fuel source for cellular respiration is _____.

Answer 17

glucose

Question 18

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen is called _____ respiration.

Answer 18

aerobic

Question 19

Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen is called _____ respiration.

Answer 19

anaerobic

Question 20

The three stages of aerobic respiration are _____, ____ ____, and ____ ____ ____.

Answer 20

glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)

Question 21

The process in which ATP is generated using a proton gradient across a membrane is called _____.

Answer 21

chemiosmosis

Question 22

The first step of aerobic respiration, which occurs in the cytosol, is _____.

Answer 22

glycolysis

Question 23

Glycolysis breaks one glucose into two molecules of ______.

Answer 23

pyruvate

Question 24

The molecule that enters the Kreb’s cycle after glycolysis is ____ ____.

Answer 24

Acetyl CoA

Question 25

The Kreb's cycle takes place in the _____ of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 25

mitochondria

Question 26

The main function of the Kreb's cycle is to strip _____ from molecules to transfer to electron carriers.

Answer 26

electrons

Question 27

The electron carriers used in cellular respiration are ____ and ____.

Answer 27

NADH, FADH₂

Question 28

The final step of aerobic respiration is called _____, which generates most of the ATP.

Answer 28

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 29

The enzyme that produces ATP using a proton gradient is called ____ ____.

Answer 29

ATP synthase

Question 30

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is _____.

Answer 30

oxygen

Question 31

Anaerobic respiration uses a molecule other than oxygen, such as _____ or _____, and the final electron acceptor.

Answer 31

nitrate, sulfate

Question 32

_____ is an anaerobic process that follows glycolysis and produces acids, alcohols, and gas.

Answer 32

Fermentation

Question 33

Besides glucose, cells can use _____ and _____ as energy sources.

Answer 33

proteins, fats

Question 34

Fats are a good energy source because they contain many _____ bonds.

Answer 34

chemical

Question 35

Photosynthesis converts _____ energy into _____ energy.

Answer 35

light, chemical

Question 36

The main site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells is the _____.

Answer 36

chloroplast

Question 37

The two main stages of photosynthesis are ____ ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 37

light reactions, Calvin cycle

Question 38

The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide during the Calvin cycle is called _____.

Answer 38

RuBisCo

Question 39

The main carbohydrate product of photosynthesis is _____.

Answer 39

glucose

Question 40

Organisms that derive energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide as a carbon source are called _____.

Answer 40

photoautotrophs