Chapters 15 & 16 – Infection & Epidemiology 💉

Question 1

The microorganisms that permanently colonize the human body without causing diseases are called _____ microbiota.

Answer 1

normal

Question 2

Normal microbiota provide benefits such as producing _____ to inhibit pathogens an aiding in _____ digestion.

Answer 2

bacteriocins, nutrient

Question 3

The transfer of microbiota from mother to newborn occurs through the ____ ____, skin contact, breastfeeding, and exposure to the ____ ____.

Answer 3

birth canal, external environment

Question 4

The two types of normal microbiota are _____ microbiota, which are permanent residents, and _____ microbiota, which temporarily colonize the body.

Answer 4

resident, transient

Question 5

Normal microbiota commonly inhabit areas such as the _____, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and _____ tract.

Answer 5

skin, genitourinary

Question 6

A/an _____ occurs when a microorganism enters and multiplies in the host without necessarily causing symptoms.

Answer 6

infection

Question 7

When an infection leads to damage and dysfunction in host tissues, it is classified as a/an _____.

Answer 7

disease

Question 8

Microorganisms that always cause diseases in a healthy host are called _____ pathogens.

Answer 8

primary

Question 9

Microorganisms that cause disease only when the host’s defenses are weakened are known as _____ pathogens.

Answer 9

opportunistic

Question 10

A person who carries a pathogenic organism but does not develop symptoms is called a/an _____ carrier.

Answer 10

asymptomatic

Question 11

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease is called _____.

Answer 11

pathogenicity

Question 12

The degree of pathogenicity, or the severity of a disease caused by a microorganism, is known as _____.

Answer 12

virulence

Question 13

The number of microbes needed to establish an infection is called the ____ dose (ID).

Answer 13

infectious

Question 14

The number of microbes required to cause death in 50% of hosts is the _____ dose (LD50).

Answer 14

lethal

Question 15

Pathogens use _____ factors such as toxins, adhesions, and capsules to establish infection and evade the immune system.

Answer 15

virulence

Question 16

Pathogens use _____ to attach to host cells, which may include pili, fimbriae, or surface proteins.

Answer 16

adhesions

Question 17

Bacteria with a _____ are better able to evade phagocytosis by the immune system.

Answer 17

capsule

Question 18

Enzymes like _____ help bacteria break down host tissues, allowing them to spread through the body.

Answer 18

hyaluronidase

Question 19

Bacterial _____ toxins destroy host cells, while _____ toxins affect metabolic processes.

Answer 19

cytotoxins, exotoxins

Question 20

An endotoxin is found in the outer membrane of Gram-_____ bacteria and consists of _____.

Answer 20

negative, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 21

The time between exposure and the onset of symptoms is the _____ period.

Answer 21

incubation

Question 22

The phase where mild, nonspecific symptoms appear is called the _____ stage.

Answer 22

prodromal

Question 23

The period of maximum symptoms and disease severity is the ____ phase.

Answer 23

illness

Question 24

During the ____ phase, symptoms begin to subside as the immune system overcomes the infection.

Answer 24

decline

Question 25

The final stage, called the _____ period, is when the body recovers and repairs tissue damage.

Answer 25

convalescence

Question 26

Diseases spread from person to person via _____ transmission, which includes direct or indirect contact.

Answer 26

communicable

Question 27

Infections that arise from microbes already present in the body (ie. normal microbiota) are called _____ infections.

Answer 27

endogenous

Question 28

Diseases acquired from animals are known as _____.

Answer 28

zoonoses

Question 29

A non-living object that transmits infectious agents (like a contaminated doorknob) is called a ______.

Answer 29

fomite

Question 30

A vector such as a mosquito that carries pathogens from host to host is involve in ______ transmission.

Answer 30

biological

Question 31

The study of disease occurrence, spread, and control in populations is called _____.

Answer 31

epidemiology

Question 32

An outbreak that occurs at a higher-than-expected frequency in a localized area is called a/an _____.

Answer 32

epidemic

Question 33

A worldwide outbreak affecting multiple countries is classified as a _____.

Answer 33

pandemic

Question 34

A disease that is constantly present at a stable level within a population is considered ______.

Answer 34

endemic

Question 35

The total number of cases (both new and existing) of a disease in a population at a given time is the _____.

Answer 35

prevalence

Question 36

The number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period is the _____.

Answer 36

incidence

Question 37

Infections acquired during hospital stays are known as _____ infections.

Answer 37

nosocomial

Question 38

The most common nosocomial infections are associated with _____, surgical sites, and ventilators.

Answer 38

catheters

Question 39

The best way to prevent nosocomial infections is proper _____ hygiene.

Answer 39

hand

Question 40

Aseptic techniques such as sterilization, disinfection, and PPE used help reduce the risk of ____-____ infections.

Answer 40

healthcare-associated