Chapters 9-11 – Microbial Genetics & Classifications 🧬

Question 1

The process of copying DNA into RNA is called ____.

Answer 1

transcription

Question 2

A ____ is a three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Answer 2

codon

Question 3

The enzyme that synthesizes DNA during replications is ___ ____.

Answer 3

DNA polymerase

Question 4

Segments of DNA that do not code for proteins and are removed during RNA processing are called ____.

Answer 4

introns

Question 5

____ are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Answer 5

Mutations

Question 6

____ is the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterium.

Answer 6

Transformation

Question 7

____ involves direct cell-to-cell contact and the transfer of plasmids via pili.

Answer 7

Conjugation

Question 8

A virus transferring DNA between bacteria is called ____.

Answer 8

transduction

Question 9

A small, circular piece of DNA that replicates independently of the chromosome is a ____.

Answer 9

plasmid

Question 10

The complete set of genetic information in a cell is called its ____.

Answer 10

genome

Question 11

A ____ ____ cuts DNA at specific recognition sites.

Answer 11

restriction enzyme

Question 12

___ ___ reaction is used to make millions of copies of a specific DNA segment.

Answer 12

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 13

The process of inserting DNA into cells using viruses, microinjection, or gene guns is called ____.

Answer 13

transformation

Question 14

A ____ is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell (e.g., plasmids, viruses)

Answer 14

vector

Question 15

Gel ____ separates DNA fragments based on size.

Answer 15

electrophoresis

Question 16

A ____ is a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.

Answer 16

clone

Question 17

Reverse ____ is used to convert mRNA into cDNA.

Answer 17

transcriptase

Question 18

____-Cas9 is a tool for editing genomes with precision.

Answer 18

CRISPR

Question 19

Southern ____ detects specific DNA sequences in a sample.

Answer 19

blotting

Question 20

A ___ ___ ___ contains recombinant DNA from another species.

Answer 20

genetically modified organism (GMO)

Question 21

The science of classifying organisms is called ____.

Answer 21

taxonomy

Question 22

The ___ ___ system names organisms using genus and species.

Answer 22

binomial nomenclature

Question 23

The three domains of life are ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 23

Bacteria ; Archaea ; Eukarya

Question 24

____ trees show the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Answer 24

Phylogenetic

Question 25

The highest taxonomic rank is the ____.

Answer 25

domain

Question 26

Organisms in the same ____ share characteristics and can reproduce.

Answer 26

species

Question 27

____ testing identifies microbes based on their reaction with specific antibodies.

Answer 27

Serological

Question 28

DNA ___ ___, such as GC content, is used to classify bacteria,

Answer 28

base composition

Question 29

____ Manual is used for the identification of bacteria.

Answer 29

Bergey's

Question 30

____ is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria.

Answer 30

Proteobacteria

Question 31

____ is a family of gram-negative rods, also known as enterics, that includes E. coli and Salmonella.

Answer 31

Enterobacteriaceae

Question 32

____ species are gram-positive, endospore-forming anaerobes.

Answer 32

Clostridium

Question 33

____ species lack a cell wall and have pleomorphic shapes.

Answer 33

Mycoplasma

Question 34

____ are photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria often called blue-green algae.

Answer 34

Cyanobacteria

Question 35

____ are known for living in extreme conditions, such as hot springs or salt lakes.

Answer 35

Archaea

Question 36

____ thrive in high salt concentrations.

Answer 36

Halophiles

Question 37

____ grow best at high temperatures.

Answer 37

Thermophiles

Question 38

____ are gram-positive bacteria with high G+C content, including Streptomyces.

Answer 38

Actinobacteria

Question 39

____ have a corkscrew shape and move via axial filaments.

Answer 39

Spirochetes

Question 40

___-___ bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃).

Answer 40

Nitrogen-fixing