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Health and Medical Psychology > Chapter 8 The body in health and illness > Flashcards

Chapter 8 The body in health and illness Flashcards

1
Q

4 anatomical areas of the brain

A

1 hindbrain
2 midbrain
3 forebrain
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- limbic system
4 cerebrum
- basal ganglia
- cortex

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2
Q

what is a stroke and what has the FAST strategy to do with it?

A

rupture in a blood vessel in the brain
- consequently parts of the brain lose access to oxygen
the response to a stroke is expressed with the acronym
F- face (do both sides move when you try to smile)
A- Arms (is one of them weak)
S- Speech (Slurred?)
T- Time (gotta act fast and call an ambulance as soon as a sign of a stroke arises)

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3
Q

what do thromoblytic drugs do

A

affect blood clotting

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4
Q

how do strokes in the two hemispheres differ in the symptoms they often cause

A

left hemisphere: usually language impaired
right hemisphere: usually movement impaired

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5
Q

hemiplegia and hemiparesis: what is the difference

A

hemiplegia- paralysis of one side of the body
hemiparesis - weakness of one side

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6
Q

dysphasia

A

inability to produce and sometimes to understand speech

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7
Q

dysarthria

A

muscular problems lead to poor speech

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8
Q

aphasia

A

brain damage leads to impaired speech production or comprehension

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8
Q

apraxia

A

brain damage leads to iinability to execute purposeful actions

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9
Q

hemianopia what is it and what are its two types

A

loss of one side of the visual field
- homonymous hemianopsia: loss of same side of visual field in both eyes
- heteronymous hemianopsia: loss of different sides of the visual field in each eye

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10
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

overrides local control of the organs to produce organized control of most of the bodily systems in response to outer influences

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11
Q

which of the parts of the autonomic nervous system would be responsible if the heart was beating faster and breathing was accelerated

A

sympathetic NS

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12
Q

what is the purpose of the endocrine glands

A

produce and secrete hormones in the blood or lymph systems
may affect one organ or tissue or the entire body

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13
Q

where are the adrenal glands, where do they get their info from

A

above each kidney,
cortex (steroid hormones) and medulla (noradrenaline)

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14
Q

what part of the body is responsible for the release of cortisol into the bloodstream

A

pituitary gland - sits right under brain and receives info from the hypothalamus
- releases adrenocortiotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- ACTH leads to the release of corticosteroids (most importantly CORTISOL)

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15
Q

cortisol purpose

A

corticosteroid that reduces inflammatory reaction of the body and instead supplies more energy and oygen in periods of high intensity activity

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16
Q

name some of the organs of the immune system

A

physical barriers - skin
mechanical barriers - saliva, urin, tears, cilia
chemical barriers - stomach acid, tears, sweat
harmless pathogens - live inside the body
lymph nodes - (tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix)

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17
Q

lymphocyte

A

definition - type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and other substances fighting disease

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18
Q

phagocyte

A

can surround other microorganism and destroy it + cleans waste

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19
Q

t cell

A

recognizes antigens on the body of infected cells and destroys them

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20
Q

helper t cells

A

involved in the proliferation of cytotoxic t cells to aid immune response
(HIV impairs this function)

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21
Q

what cell type is responsible for long-term protection against a pathogen

A

b-cells (specifically memory b cells)

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22
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells

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23
Q

why is chronic stress problematic in regards to immune function

A

corticosteroids suppress immune function and prevent it from functioning long-term
- less ingestion of cells by macrophages
- less production of t cells

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24
Q

HIV

A

affects T helper cells which then can’t activte target b cells and t cells
- eventually die
- proliferation of infected t helper cells leads to more in circulation
- body may start attacking its own t helper

25
Q

kaposi’s sarcoma

A

tumor of connective tissue often associated with aids

26
Q

treatment drugs for aids

A

protease inhibitors
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
fusion inhibitors

27
Q

antiretroviral drug

A

prevents reproduction of a retrovirus like HIV

28
Q

autoimmune conditions

A

number of conditions like Type 1 diabetes, crohns disease, rheumatoid arthritis characterized by abnormal functioning of the immune system

29
Q

type 1 and type 2 diabetes difference

A

type 1 - too little insulin
type 2 - resistance to insulin

30
Q

pancreas

A

gland behind stomach producing insulin and enzymes for digestion

31
Q

what happens without proper functioning insulin

A

glucose accumulates in blood, body can’t use it
ketoacidosis - coma
increased thirst and urination, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue

32
Q

how is rheumatoid arthritis triggered

A

genetic predisposition + virus infection

33
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

disease of brain and spinal cord caused by progressive degeneration of myelin sheath around dominant nervous fibres

34
Q

name symptoms of MS

A

debilitating fatigue, muscular spasticity, sight loss, low bowel or bladder control, loss of limb function
- differs across individuals

34
Q

gamma interferon

A

chemical implicated in MS
- used to produce cytotoxic t cells that attack diseased or damaged body cells
- t cells in MS attack wrongly the myelin cells of brain and spinal cord

35
Q

beta interferon

A

inhibits activity of gamma interferon
- regular injection s
- fever, muscle aches, fatigue, headaches

36
Q

peristaltis

A

natural movement of bowels to transport the bowel contents

37
Q

digestion processes controlled by hormones

A

gastrin for acid production
secretin stimulates pancreas for digestive enzymes
cholecytoskinin makes gall bladder for bile

38
Q

what is the enteric nervous system responsible for

A

gastrointestinal mbility and secretion
action of smooth muscle in the gut

39
Q

helibacter pylori (baceteria) is responsible for 70% of what?

A

stomach ulcers
- weakens coating of the stomach

40
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammatory disease of the large intestine
fever, abdominal pain, severe diarrhea
may develop into cancer

41
Q

what is a stoma

A

to drain stool from the large intestine, also called colon, sometimes you need to open the abdominal wall. this can be the case for some people with chronic disorders like morbus crohn or it can be temporary

42
Q

irritable bowel syndrom - what is it physical consequence

A

no specific one - diagnosed on basis of jsut symptoms
may be triggered by infection but long term stress-caused

43
Q

which vessels transport blood to heart, which away from it

A

arteries away
veins towards

44
Q

right and left pump of heart - where do they transport to

A

right - lungs
left- rest of the body

45
Q

what is an erythrocyte

A

type of blood cell that carries hemoglobin to carry oxygen to bodily tissues

46
Q

what are platelets

A

blood cells responsible for clotting in case of rupture

47
Q

disatolic and systolic blood pressure difference

A

diastolic - restriction within blood vessels
systelic - additional pressure caused by pumping motion of heart

48
Q

hypertension

A

significantly too high resting blood pressure
can be cause by obesity, high salt intake, lack of exercise, psychological stress (primary)
can occur as a consequence of a disorder invoving the kidneys, adrenal glands or aorta (secondary, accounts for ~ 5% of cases)

49
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

dilate blood vessels
angiotensin II contracts

50
Q

diuretics

A

accelerate the rate of urine excretion - rids body of fluids in cardiovascular system

51
Q

beta blockers

A

reduce activity of epinephrine and norepinephrine on b-adrenergic receptors which mediate the fight or flight reposne

52
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

atheroma builds up on the lining of the arteries - usually cholesterol

53
Q

low density lipoproteins

A

bad kind of cholesterol
elevated levels correlate with CHD

54
Q

high density lipoproteins

A

high levels defend against CHD
responsible for getting excess lipoproteins to liver for excretion of repackaging

55
Q

mycardial infection

A

blood vessel is blocked - prevents transport of oxygen - impact depends on size of blood vessel and where it delivers to
can be serious

clot busters used as medication

56
Q

name the two causes for angina

A

vasospasm and atheromatous lesions

57
Q

what is the 2nd most common cancer

A

lung cancer

58
Q

what does copd stand for

A

chronic obductive pulmonary disease

59
Q

which type of lung cancer can be treated with radiotherapy

A

small cell lung cancer
non-small cell cancer can only be cured by surgically removing it

Health and Medical Psychology (12 decks)

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