Chapter 9 Flashcards by Stephanie Benitez

The endocrine system consists of specialized tissues and glands that
secrete chemical messengers called _______.
a. targets
b. hormones
c. cyclic AMP
d. releasing hormones

b. hormones

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_______ are specific cells on which hormones act.
a. Target cells
b. Alpha cells
c. Hormonal cells
d. Prostaglandins

a. Target cells

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Neuroendocrine cells are _______.
a. endocrine cells that produce neurons
b. transported by the lymph system
c. an important link between the nervous and
endocrine systems
d. produced by prostaglandins

c. an important link between the nervous and
endocrine systems

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_______ are a group of about 16 closely related lipids that are manufactured by many different tissues in the body.
a. Prostaglandins
b. FSH
c. cAMP
d. Parathyroid hormones

a. Prostaglandins

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Hormone secretion is typically regulated by _______.
a. the thyroid gland
b. positive target tissues
c. negative feedback
d. oxytocin

c. negative feedback

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A hormone that initiates changes in target cells that lead to some effects is
referred to as a _______.
a. second messenger
b. transporter
c. first messenger
d. hypersecreter

c. first messenger

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In _______, the endocrine gland decreases its hormone output to
abnormally low levels, which deprives target cells of needed stimulation.
a. hypersecretion
b. hyposecretion
c. cyclic secretion
d. neurosecretion

b. hyposecretion

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Cyclic AMP (cAMP) _______.
a. activates one or more enzymes, triggering
a chain of reactions leading to a specific
metabolic effect in the cell
b. binds to calmodulin to turn genes on
c. is a first messenger
d. activates G proteins

a. activates one or more enzymes, triggering
a chain of reactions leading to a specific
metabolic effect in the cell

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Steroid hormones _______.
a. use calcium ions as second messengers
b. use cAMP as second messengers
c. activate G proteins in the cell membrane
d. turn specific genes on or off

d. turn specific genes on or off

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The _______ regulates most endocrine activity and links the nervous and
endocrine systems.
a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary
c. thalamus
d. parathyroid

a. hypothalamus

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The _______ gland secretes several different hormones and is called the
master gland.
a. pineal
b. adrenal
c. pituitary
d. thyroid

c. pituitary

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_______ deficiency can lead to the condition called diabetes insipidus, in
which enormous quantities of urine may be excreted.
a. TSH
b. Oxytocin
c. FSH
d. ADH

d. ADH

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During lactation, _______ stimulates cells in the mammary glands to
secrete milk.
a. prolactin
b. calmodulin
c. ADH
d. oxytocin

a. prolactin

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The _______ gland, shaped somewhat like a shield, lies anterior to the
trachea and just below the larynx.
a. parathyroid
b. thalamus
c. pituitary
d. thyroid

d. thyroid

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Growth hormone is _______.
a. released in response to somatomedins
b. a promoter of protein synthesis
c. released by the posterior lobe of the
pituitary
d. a tropic hormone

b. a promoter of protein synthesis

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The _______ regulate(s) calcium concentration.
a. parathyroid glands
b. islets of Langerhans
c. pituitary gland
d. thyroid gland

a. parathyroid glands

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When glucose concentration becomes very high, _______.
a. calcitonin is released from the parathyroid
gland
b. glucagon is released by the islets of
Langerhans
c. beta cells secrete insulin
d. the adrenal medulla releases cortisol

c. beta cells secrete insulin

The _______ is called the emergency gland of the body because it
prepares us to cope with threatening situations.
a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
c. pineal gland
d. thyroid

b. adrenal medulla

The main glucocorticoid is _______.
a. epinephrine
b. mineralocorticoid
c. cortisol
d. norepinephrine

c. cortisol

Stress stimulates the _______ to secrete corticotrophin-releasing factor
(CRF).
a. anterior pituitary
b. hypothalamus
c. pancreas
d. posterior pituitary

b. hypothalamus

The _______ system helps regulate growth, reproduction, use of nutrients
by cells, and fluid balance.
a. exocrine
b. endocrine
c. lymphatic
d. skeletal

b. endocrine

_______ interact(s) with other hormones to regulate various metabolic activities, such as reducing or raising blood pressure and stimulating contraction of the
uterus.
a. Prostaglandins
b. Cortisol
c. Cyclic AMP
d. TSH

a. Prostaglandins

Steroid hormones are relatively small molecules that _______.
a. pass easily through the plasma membrane
of a target cell
b. use cAMP as a second messenger
c. combine with receptors on the plasma
membrane of the target cell
d. trigger a chain of reactions that inhibit
metabolism

a. pass easily through the plasma membrane
of a target cell

In _______, a gland increases its output to abnormally high levels,
overstimulating target cells.
a. hyposecretion
b. exosecretion
c. hypersecretion
d. neurosecretion

c. hypersecretion

A _______, associated with the plasma membrane, is activated by hormones to begin a series of molecular events. a. prostaglandin b. cAMP second messenger c. calmodulin molecule d. G protein

d. G protein

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases two hormones, _______ and _______. a. oxytocin; parathyroid hormone b. oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone c. antidiuretic hormone; growth hormone d. TSH; FSH

b. oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone

_______ stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus and stimulates release of milk from the breast. a. Antidiuretic hormone b. Thyroxine c. ADH d. Oxytocin

d. Oxytocin

The _______ hormones include thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. a. gonadotropic b. hypothalamic c. tropic d. growth

c. tropic

The anterior pituitary secretes _______, which promotes synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. a. thyroxine b. TSH c. FSH d. calcitonin

b. TSH

The _______ releases GHRH and GHIH to regulate growth hormone secretion. a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypothalamus d. pineal gland

c. hypothalamus

Extreme _______ during childhood results in low metabolic rate and retarded mental and physical development, a condition known as cretinism. a. hypothyroidism b. hyperthyroidism c. hyposecretion of growth hormone d. hyposecretion of insulin

a. hypothyroidism

The parathyroid glands secrete _______, a small protein that regulates the calcium level of the blood and tissue fluid. a. thyroxine b. parathyroid hormone c. TSH d. calcitonin

b. parathyroid hormone

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans produce the hormone _______. a. parathyroid hormone b. FSH c. insulin d. glucagon

c. insulin

_______ raises the blood glucose level by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose. a. Insulin b. TSH c. Calcitonin d. Glucagon

d. Glucagon

_______ lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. a. Insulin b. TSH c. Calcitonin d. Glucagon

a. Insulin

In diabetes mellitus, _______. a. insulin overstimulates cells to take in glucose b. cells turn to fat and protein for energy c. glucose cannot be detected in the urine d. alpha cells secrete too little glucagon

b. cells turn to fat and protein for energy

The adrenal medulla secretes _______. a. cortisol b. norepinephrine c. ACTH d. glucocorticoids

b. norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine _______. a. increase metabolic rate b. decrease blood pressure c. constrict the airway d. answers A, B, and C are correct

a. increase metabolic rate

Aldosterone _______. a. promotes production of glucose from other nutrients b. increases cardiac output c. has masculinizing effects d. helps maintain sodium and potassium homeostasis

d. helps maintain sodium and potassium homeostasis

Thymosin, produced by the thymus gland, plays a role in _______. a. immune responses b. reproduction c. growth d. facilitating sleep

a. immune responses