Chapter 9

Question 1

the process some organisms are able to use by which they convert light to chemical energy

Answer 1

photosynthesis

Question 2

the main method photosynthesizing organisms use for carbon dioxide fixation

Answer 2

Calvin cycle

Question 3

a set of chemical reactions that break down pyruvate, producing electron carriers for an electron transport chain that powers ATP production

Answer 3

Krebs cycle

Question 4

the process cells use to produce energy from carbohydrates

Answer 4

cellular respiration

Question 5

a substance that absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects others, giving something its color

Answer 5

pigment

Question 6

the green substance that absorbs light and provides energy for photosynthesis

Answer 6

chlorophyll

Question 7

disc-shaped sacs in chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs

Answer 7

thylakoid

Question 8

the series of molecules in the inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria down which excited electons pass, releasing energy for ATP production

Answer 8

electron transport chain

Question 9

process by which NAD* is recycled under anaerobic conditions in order to continue the break down of carbohydrates to supply energy for producing ATP

Answer 9

fermentation

Question 10

adenosine triphosphate, a substance that stores and releases energy for most cell processes

Answer 10

ATP

Question 11

describes a process that requires oxygen

Answer 11

aerobic

Question 12

describes a process that does not require oxygen

Answer 12

anaerobic

Question 13

the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the absence of oxygen, producing a small amount of ATP

Answer 13

glycolysis

Question 14

the enzyme that aids in the production of adenosine triphosphat and which also acts as a carrier protein for hydrogen ions in active transport across a membrane

Answer 14

ATP synthase

Question 15

What is the main fuel for cellular respiration?

Answer 15

glucose

Question 16

What step of cellular respiration uses 2ATP to make 4ATP

Answer 16

glycolysis

Question 17

Where does photosynthesis occur

Answer 17

chloroplasts

Question 18

What is produced during cellular respiration?

Answer 18

oxygen

Question 19

herbivore

Answer 19

plant eater

Question 20

carnivore

Answer 20

flesh/meat eater

Question 21

omnivore

Answer 21

all eaters (eat both)

Question 22

What type of organism can produce its own food?

Answer 22

autotroph

Question 23

What type of organism can NOT make make its own food?

Answer 23

heterotroph

Question 24

During ATP synthase a phosphate group is added to a molecule of …. resulting in ATP.

Answer 24

ADP

Question 25

stroma

Answer 25

...

Question 26

pyruvate

Answer 26

...

Question 27

Why do all organisms need energy?

Answer 27

to maintain homeostasis

Question 28

inputs and outputs of photosynthesis

Answer 28

inputs: carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) outputs: glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)

Question 29

where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 29

chloroplasts

Question 30

6 CO2 + 6H2O -light energy-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Answer 30

photosynthesis

Question 31

inputs and outputs of cellular respiration

Answer 31

inputs: glucose and oxygen outputs: carbon dioxide and water

Question 32

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 32

mitochondria

Question 33

plants, algae, and some bacteria

Answer 33

autotrophs

Question 34

turtle, cow, bunny

Answer 34

heterotroph; herbivores

Question 35

sharks, tigers

Answer 35

heterotroph; carnivores

Question 36

humans, bears

Answer 36

heterotrophs; ominvores

Question 37

example of a food chain (from Sun)

Answer 37

Sun --> grass --> rabbit --> hawk

Question 38

what absorbs light during photosynthesis?

Answer 38

chlorophyll

Question 39

Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 39

thylakoid membranes

Question 40

Where do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 40

...

Question 41

inputs and outputs of the light-dependent reactions?

Answer 41

inputs: water (H2O) and light energy outputs: oxygen (O2), NADPH, and ATP

Question 42

inputs and outputs of the light-independent reactions?

Answer 42

inputs: carbon dioxide (CO2), NADPH, and ATP outputs: glucose

Question 43

NADPH?, NADH, FADH

Answer 43

electron carriers

Question 44

carbon fixation

Answer 44

light-independent reactions

Question 45

What kind of organisms undergo cellular respiration?

Answer 45

all organisms

Question 46

Glycolysis

Answer 46

input: one glucose molecule output: two pyruvate molecules (2ATP --> 4ATP) (net gain: 2ATP) (+2electron carriers)

Question 47

Kreb's Cycle

Answer 47

inputs: oxygen and pyruvate outputs (per glucose): 2ATP, electron carriers, CO2 (electron carriers proceed to electron transport chain)

Question 48

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 48

inputs: electons power H* ion pumps = H* gradient output: up to 34? ATP (H* combine with oxygen and electrons to form water)

Question 49

Fermentation

Answer 49

-oxygen not available -produces ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation or Alcohol Fermentation

Question 50

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 50

- performed by animals (including humans) | - produces lactic acid

Question 51

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 51

- performed by yeasts | - produces ethyl alcohol and CO2

Question 52

aerobic pathway:

Answer 52

glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain

Question 53

anaerobic pathway:

Answer 53

glycolysis, fermentaion

Question 54

Which method is more effective, produces more ATP per glucose molecle

Answer 54

aerobic

Question 55

ATP to ADP system

Answer 55

1. one phosphate group is removed, ADP is formed and energy is released 2. energy can also be restored in ATP be reattaching a phosphate

Question 56

Adenosine diphosphate

Answer 56

ADP

Question 57

ATP to ADP system 1

Answer 57

ATP -break bond-> ADP + P +energy(released)

Question 58

ATP to ADP system 2

Answer 58

ADP + P + energy(stored) -make bond-> ATP

Question 59

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 59

ATP

Question 60

what is the main energy source for cellular activities?

Answer 60

ATP