Semester One Finals Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
possible explanation to question/problem; based on prior knowledge; tested in experiment
A
hypothesis
2
Q
something that changes or varies in an experiment
A
variable
3
Q
variable that is changed by the scientist; in the egg lab, the type of solution was independent
A
independent
4
Q
variable that changes because of independent; in the egg lab, the mass of the egg was dependent
A
dependent
5
Q
data that does NOT have numbers; examples include color, shape, etc.
A
qualitative
6
Q
data that has numbers; examples include mass, height, length
A
quantitative
7
Q
broad scientific explanation that is based on lots of evidence
A
theory
8
Q
study of living things and their interactions
A
biology
9
Q
maintaining a stable internal environment
A
homeostasis
10
Q
all of the chemical reactions that occur inside the body of a living thing
A
metabolism
11
Q
a single living thing
A
organism
12
Q
reacting to the environment
A
responsiveness
13
Q
passing the genetic information from one generation to the next
A
heredity
14
Q
producing offspring
A
reproduction
15
Q
single-celled organism
A
unicellular
16
Q
organism with two or more cells; usually millions of cells (like humans)
A
multicellular
17
Q
result of reproduction; “babies”
A
offspring
18
Q
study of plants
A
botany
19
Q
study of animals
A
zoology
20
Q
study of microscopic organisms
A
microbiology
21
Q
study of the body
A
physiology
22
Q
simplest chemical substance
A
element
23
Q
combination of two or more different elements; examples: CO2, H2O, etc.
A
compound
24
Q
substance with pH below 7
A
acid
25
substance with pH above 7
base
26
substance with pH equal to 7
neutral
27
substances that are made in a chemical reaction
products
28
substances that are the starting materials (ingredients) of a chemical reaction
reactants
29
used for short-term energy; building block is monosaccharides
carbohydrate
30
used for long-term energy; building blocks depend on the type of lipid
lipid
31
used for structure and enzymes; building blocks are amino acids
proteins
32
used to pass on genetic information; building blocks are nucleotide
nucleic acid
33
protein that helps start biochemical reactions; lowers the activation energy
enzyme
34
evenly mixed substances; examples: Kool-Aid, salt water, etc.
solution
35
simple cells; have single loop of DNA without a nucleus; bacteria
prokaryotic
36
complex cells; have a nucleus and organelles; many linear DNA molecules; animals, plants, etc.
eukaryotic
37
structure that controls cell functions; contains DNA
nucleus
38
found in nucleus; produces ribosomes
nucleolus
39
produces proteins
ribosomes
40
has ribosomes attached to it; produces and transports proteins
rough ER
41
NO ribosomes attached to it; produces and transports lipids
smooth ER
42
sorts and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
43
transports substances in and out of cells
vesicle
44
contains digestive enzymes to break down substances in the cell
lysosomes
45
container; usually for water
vacuole
46
site of photosynthesis; found only in plant cells
chloroplast
47
site of cellular respiration; produces energy for the cell (from food molecules)
mitochondrion
48
substance that is dissolved in a solution; in salt water, the salt is the solute
solute
49
substance that the solute is dissolved into; in salt water, the water is the solvent
solvent
50
strength of a solution; tells us how much solute is dissolved in solutions
concentration
51
difference in concentration; area of high concentration and area of low concentration
gradient
52
movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low; remember food coloring in water
diffusion
53
molecule that makes up cell membrane; polar phosphorus head; non-polar tails
phospholipid
54
movement of water across a membrane; remember egg lab
osmosis
55
high concentration outside cell; like egg in corn syrup; water will flow mostly out of cell
hypertonic
56
low concentration outside cell; like egg in water; water will flow mostly into cell
hypotonic
57
equal concentrations in and out of cell; water will flow in and out of cell
isotonic
58
does not require energy; moves substances from high to low; diffusion and osmosis
passive transport
59
requires energy; moves substances from low to high; endo/exocytosis, pumps
active transport
60
moving large substances out of the cell with vesicles
exocytosis
61
moving large substances into cell with vesicles
endocytosis
62
converting energy fro light into food; occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria
photosynthesis
63
releasing energy from food molecules; occurs in all living things
cellular respiration
64
organism that can create its own food, as in photosynthesis; examples include plants
autotroph
65
organism that must eat other organisms to get energy; examples include animals
heterotroph
66
animal that eats only plants; cows are in this category
herbivore
67
animal that eats only other animals; lions are in this category
carnivore
68
animal that eats both plants and other animals; humans are in this category
omnivore
69
molecule system that is used for energy; ATP has energy stored; energy released when it breaks
ATP-ADP
70
molecule that absorbs some color of light and reflects others
pigment
71
pigment found in leaves of plants; traps sunlight during photosynthesis
chlorophyll
72
respiration that requires oxygen; produces more ATP than anaerobic
aerobic
73
respiration that does not require oxygen; fermentation is an example
anaerobic
74
part of cell cycle when cells grow and prepare to divide; includes G1, S, G2
interphase
75
first phase of mitosis; nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes coil, spindle fibers form
prophase
76
second phase or mitosis; sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
77
third phase of mitosis; sister chromatids are pulled apart and to opposite sides of cell
anaphase
78
fourth phase of mitosis; nuclear membranes form; chromosomes uncoil; spindle fibers disappear
telophase
79
final phase of cell cycle; divides cell into two separate daughter cells
cytokinesis
80
process of cell division
mitosis
81
DNA molecule
chromosome
82
coiled chromosome and its copy
sister chromatids
83
DNA makes a copy of itself; occurs during the S phase (of interphase)
replication
84
group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction
cancer
85
process of cell division that creates gametes
meiosis
86
reproduction that involves two parents and gametes; results in genetically diverse offspring
sexual
87
reproduction from one parent; results in offspring that are genetically same as the parent
asexual
88
sex cell (egg or sperm)
gamete
89
result of fertilization (combination of egg and sperm); single diploid cell
zygote
90
chromosomes that are same shape, size, and genes
homologous chromosomes
91
two sets of chromosomes
diploid
92
one set of chromosomes
haploid
93
chromosomes that do NOT control gender; humans have 22 of them
autosomes
94
random mixing of parents' chromosomes during meiosis I
independent assortment
95
male gamete
sperm
96
female gamete; also called egg
ovum
97
combination of egg and sperm
fertilization
98
asexual reproduction; offspring created from a fragment of the parent
fragmentation
99
asexual reproduction; offspring starts like a branch off of the parent; separates when ready
budding
100
asexual reproduction; offspring develops from an unfertilized egg
parthenogenesis
101
asexual reproduction; offspring the result of parent splitting into two cells
binary fission
102
What events of meiosis are responsible for genetic diversity?
crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization
103
how many chromosomes are in diploid and haploid cells of humans
diploid: 46
haploid: 23
