Chapter 9 (Exam 3)

Question 1

What percent of newborns will display minor anomalies

Answer 1

15%

Question 2

What percent of newborns will display major anomalies

Answer 2

3%

Question 3

What percent of infant deaths do anomalies account for

Answer 3

25%

Question 4

What are the 3 categories of birth defects

Answer 4

genetic
environmental
multifactorial

Question 5

What percent of birth defects are genetic

Answer 5

30%

Question 6

What percent of birth defects are multifactorial

Answer 6

55%

Question 7

What percent of birth defects are genetic

Answer 7

15%

Question 8

What are malformations

Answer 8

primary defect in development of organ
most often multifactorial
may be inheritable

Question 9

What are disruptions

Answer 9

morphological alterations of already formed structures that are caused by destructive processes

Question 10

What are examples of disruptions

Answer 10

vascular accidents leading to limb defects, amniotic band cuts off blood flow
cleft lip

Question 11

What is deformation

Answer 11

change in shape due to mechanical force over a longe perior of time, often involve MSK and may be reversed postnatally

Question 12

What is an example of deformation

Answer 12

clubfeet

Question 13

What is a syndrome

Answer 13

a group of anomalies that occur together and have a specific known cause

Question 14

What is an association

Answer 14

nonrandom appearance of two or more anomalies that occur together more frequently than by random chance alone, cause is NOT determined

Question 15

What is a teratogen

Answer 15

substance that causes birth defects

Question 16

When do most malformations occur

Answer 16

embryonic period

Question 17

What congenital malformations may result from rubella

Answer 17

cataracts
glaucoma
heart defects
hearing loss
tooth abnormalities

Question 18

What congenital malformations may result from cytomegalovirus

Answer 18

microcephaly
visual impairment
intellectual disability
fetal death

Question 19

What congenital malformations may result from herpes

Answer 19

microphthalmia
microcephaly
retinal dysplasia

Question 20

What congenital malformations may result from toxoplasmosis

Answer 20

hydrocephalus
cerebral calcifications
microphtlamia

Question 21

What congenital malformations may result from syphilis

Answer 21

intellectual disability

hearing loss

Question 22

What congenital malformations may result from thalidomide

Answer 22

limb defects

heart malformations

Question 23

What congenital malformations may result from opioids

Answer 23

neural tube defects, heart defects, gastroschisis

Question 24

What congenital malformations may result from SSRIs

Answer 24

heart malformations
neural tube defects
anal atresia
facial clefts
other defects

Question 25

What congenital malformations may result from valproic acid

Answer 25

neural tube defects heart craniofacial limbanomalies

Question 26

What congenital malformations may result from amphetamines

Answer 26

cleft lip and palate | heart defects

Question 27

What congenital malformations may result from alcohol

Answer 27

``` fetal alcohol syndrome short palpebral fissures maxillary hypoplasia heart defects ID ```

Question 28

What congenital malformations may result from isotretinoin

Answer 28

isotretinoin embryopathy

Question 29

What is isotretinoin embryopathy symptoms

Answer 29

small abnormally shaped ears mandibular hypoplasia cleft palate heart defects

Question 30

What congenital malformations may result from diethylbestrol (DES)

Answer 30

malformations of the uterus, uterine tubes, and upper vagina; vaginal cancer; malformed testes

Question 31

What congenital malformations may result from maternal diabetes

Answer 31

carious malformations | heart and neural tube defects most common

Question 32

What congenital malformations may result from maternal obesity

Answer 32

neural tube defects heart defects omphalocele

Question 33

What congenital malformations may result from organic mercury

Answer 33

neurological symptoms similar to those of cerebral palsy

Question 34

What are the most common prenatal screenings for diagnosis of birth defects

Answer 34

Ultrasound maternal serum screening amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling

Question 35

What parameters are revealed by US

Answer 35

``` characteristics of fetal age and growth congenital anomalies status of uterine environment amniotic fluid level placental position umbilical blood flow ```

Question 36

What congenital malformations can be seen in ultrasound

Answer 36

neural tube defects: spina bifida and anencephaly abdominal wall defects: omphalocele and gastroschisis heart and facial defects: cleft lip and palate

Question 37

What is nuchal translucency used to test for

Answer 37

Down's sydrome and other chromosomal related abnormalities

Question 38

What does nuchal translucency do

Answer 38

through ultrasound measure translucent space at the back of the baby's neck where fluid accumulates in DS patients

Question 39

What is amniocentesis

Answer 39

sampling of the amniotic fluid using a hollow need inserted into the uterus to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus

Question 40

What is chorionic villus sampling

Answer 40

test made in early pregnancy to detect congenital abnormalities in the fetus

Question 41

How is chorionic villus sampling performed

Answer 41

tissue sample from the villi of the chorion, which forms the fetal part of the placenta

Question 42

What is cordocentesis

Answer 42

percutanous umbilical cord blood sampling

Question 43

What is the preferred method for obtaining fetal blood

Answer 43

percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling

Question 44

What are factors that place women at high risk during pregnancy

Answer 44

advanced maternal age previous family history of genetic problems; such as having Downs or neural tube defect previously presence of maternal disease abnormal US or serum screening test

Question 45

What is maternal serum screening used for

Answer 45

test for neural tube defects and abnormalities increased AFP in maternal are a sign