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LECOM MS1 Embryology > Placenta (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Placenta (Exam 2) Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What does the fetal part of the placenta separate

A

fetus from endometrium

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2
Q

What are the fetal membranes

A

amnion
chorion
yolk sac
allantois

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3
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A 
nutrition
protection
excretion
hormone production
respiration
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4
Q

What is the function of the fetal suprarenal gland

A

produces hormonal precursors

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5
Q

What part of the fetus is the fetal suprarenal gland involved in

A

fetal-placenta circulation

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6
Q

How are the hormone precursors from the fetal suprarenal gland distrubuted

A

back and forth between the adrenal and placenta

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7
Q

What are the two parts of the placenta

A

fetal

maternal

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8
Q

Where does the fetal portion of the placenta arise from

A

chorion

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9
Q

Where does the maternal portion of the placenta arise from

A

endometrium

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10
Q

What is the decidua

A

maternal part of the placenta

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11
Q

What occurs to the decidua after birth

A

falls away from the rest of the uterus

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the decidua

A

decidua basalis
decidua parietalis
decidua capsularis

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13
Q

What is the decidua basalis

A

deep to the fetus (base of impantation

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14
Q

What is the decidua capsularis

A

overlying the fetus (covers the implantation site)

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15
Q

What is the decidua parietalis

A

everything else

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16
Q

What is the decidua reaction

A

the CT (decidua cells) enlarge in response to increased progesterone preventing the syncytiotrophoblast from extending too far into endometrium

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17
Q

What are the components of the fetal part of the placenta

A

primary chorionic villi
secondary villi
tertiary villi

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18
Q

How are primary chorionic villi formed

A

cytotrophoblast cells extend into syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

What does trophoblast layer give rise to

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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20
Q

What does extraembryonic endoderm layer give rise to

A

somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

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21
Q

What is placental abruption

A

When the placenta detaches from the wall prematurely

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22
Q

What are the functions of the yolk sac

A

transfer nutrients
blood development
primordial gut
germ cells

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23
Q

What layers form the chorion

A

somatic extraembryonic mesoderm and trophoblast

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24
Q

What are the functions of the allantois

A

blood formation
vessels persist
bladder development

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25
How are secondary villi formed
when mesenchyme invades primary chorionic villi
26
How are tertiary villi formed
when mesenchyme give rise to blood vessels and blood cells
27
What do terteiary villi vessels fuse to form
capillary beds that connect to embryonic heart
28
When will blood start flowing through the embryonic capillaries
week 3
29
What is twin transfusion syndrome
identical twins share a placenta but get uneven blood dispersion so one is smaller
30
How is a cytotrophoblastic shell formed
cytotrophoblast extends through the syncytiotrophoblast and proliferates forming a cytotrophoblastic shell
31
What are vestigial twins
conjoined twins
32
How will villi of the decidua capsularis change as the sac grows
will degenerate to produce a smooth region on the chorion
33
What is fetus in fetu
when a fetus (conjoined twin) grows compeltely inside the viable fetus
34
How is the villus chorion formed
villi on the decidua rapidly increase in number and branch to form the villus chorion
35
What is the villous chorion
fetal placenta
36
Is the decidua basalis related to fetus or maternal
maternal
37
By the 4th month what occurs
almost all of the placenta is replaced by fetal
38
How is the chorionic sac anchored
chorionic villi attach to decidua basalis via the cytotrophoblast
39
What are placental septa
projections of decidua basalis towards the chorionic plate
40
What is the chorionic plate
amniochorionic membrane and fetal vessels
41
What is the function of the placental septa
divide the fetal placenta into cotyledons
42
What are cotyledons
stem villi and its branches that are attached to decidua basalis
43
What is the intervillous space filled with
maternal blood
44
What is an intervillous space
lacunar networks that formed in the syncytiotrophoblast
45
What occurs in the intervillous space
maternal blood is discharged into the intervillous space and chorionic villi are bathed in maternal blood
46
What drains the intervillous space
endometrial veins
47
What is the amniochorionic membrane
amniotic sac enlarges faster than chorionic sac and they eventually fuse
48
What does the fusion of the amniochorionic and decidua capsularis and decidua parietalis do
obliterate the uterine lumen
49
How does exchange between fetal and maternal blood occur
normally no contact unless breakdown in placental membrane
50
What is the fetal circulation
umbillical arteries chorionic arteries capillary bed umbilical vein
51
How does the blood in the intervillous space relate to the mother's circulatory system
outside the circulatory system of her
52
What does the placental membrane contain in layers up until 20 weeks of development
syncytiotrophoblast cytotrophoblast CT: Wharton's jelly endothelium of vessels
53
How will the placental membrane change after 20 weeks of development
layers condense even further as thin as syncytiotrophoblast and endothelium
54
What is exchanged in placental transger
``` nutrients gases steroid hormones electrolytes maternal antibodies fetal waste products ```
55
What are the beneficial things that cross the placental membrane
``` fetal waste products water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins RBC serum proteins, AFP nutrients oxygen, electrolytes maternal antibodies (igG and igA) ```
56
What are the things that cross the placental membrane and are harmful to the fetus
``` CO drugs Taxoplasmosis Gandii other viruses (Parvovirus, Listeria, Varicella Zoster, HIV) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Syphillis ```
57
What may result from a long umbilical cord
prolapse or coil around fetus
58
How long is the umbilical cord
22 inches
59
What percentage of pregnancies have knots in the umbilical cord
1%
60
What is the umbilical cord composed of
2 umbilical arteries | 1 umbilical vein
61
What is the use of umbilical vessel catheterization
administer of fluids or for arterial blood gas/pressure monitoring; can be cannulated up to 6 days after birth
62
Where is amniotic fluid derived from
fetus and maternal tissue
63
How does maternal tissue contribute to amniotic fluid
diffusion of fluid from the intervillous space
64
How does the fetus contribute towards amniotic fluid
urine
65
What are the functions of amniotic fluid
``` prevent amnion from adhering to fetus protection development of lungs movement body temperature regulation homeostasis fo fluid and electrolytes ```
66
What can be determined by the size of the chorionic sac
gestational age
67
What are other ways to move across the placenta
breaks in the membrane lesions and then crawl crawl across
68
What is placenta accreta
placental villi attach to myometrium
69
What is placenta percreta
placenta perforates through myometrium and fails to separate from the uterine wall
70
What is erythroblastosis
occurs when there is Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus--mom has to be exposed to fetal blood and mo m makes antibodies against the fetal antigen antibodies can cross the placenta in future pregnancy and attack fetal RBC causing anemia and edema
71
What is polyhydraminos
too much amniotic fluid
72
What is oligohydraminos
too little amniotic fluid
73
What are the two different types of twins
dizygotic (fraternal) | monozygotic (identical)
74
How are dizygotic twins formed
two eggs and two sperm
75
What causes increased ovulation
increased FSH levels
76
How are monozygotic twins formed
one egg and one sperm split
77
What are commonly shared spaces and things for monozygotic twins
1 chorion | 1 placenta
78
What do each monozygotic twin have separate
amniotic cavities

LECOM MS1 Embryology (19 decks)

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