Face, Skull, Palate (Exam 3)

Question 1

What is positional plagiocephaly

Answer 1

positioned in the same position for long periods of time result in mis-shaped skulls of infants

flattening of the occiput by mechanical factors acting on the head in utero or during early infancy

Question 2

What are the two different parts of skull developmentally

Answer 2

neurocranium

viscerocranium

Question 3

Where is the neurocranium found

Answer 3

around the brain

Question 4

Where is the viscerocranium found

Answer 4

around the face

Question 5

What are the two parts of the chondocranium

Answer 5

prechordal

chordal

Question 6

What is prechordal chondrocranium formed from

Answer 6

neural crest cells

Question 7

What is chordal chondrocranium formed from

Answer 7

paraxial mesoderm

Question 8

What is the mechanism by which the chondrocranium is formed by

Answer 8

endochondral ossification

Question 9

How is the membranous neurocranium formed

Answer 9

intramembranous ossification

Question 10

How is the cartilaginous neurocranium formed

Answer 10

endochondral ossification

Question 11

What arch is the vescerocranium mainly derived from

Answer 11

arch 1

Question 12

Arch 1 deficits will affect what

Answer 12

facial aspect of the skeleton

Question 13

What are fontanelles

Answer 13

fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones; soft spots on developing skulls

Question 14

How the fontanel significant clinically

Answer 14

dehydrated if fontanelle is sunken in

ballooned if increased cranial pressure

Question 15

What is craniosynostosis

Answer 15

premature closure of cranial sutures;

Question 16

What does premature closure of cranial sutures lead to

Answer 16

asymmetrical skull development

Question 17

What is scaphocephaly

Answer 17

Premature of the sagittal suture

Question 18

What is brachycephaly

Answer 18

a short head

Question 19

What does brachycephaly result from

Answer 19

premature closure of bilateral coronal sutures

Question 20

What is brachycephaly found in

Answer 20

Crouzon syndrome

Question 21

What is plagiocephaly

Answer 21

premature closure of a suture on just one side of the head

Question 22

What does plagiocephaly result in

Answer 22

flat head

Question 23

What is unilamboid synostosis

Answer 23

premature fusion of the lamboid suture unilaterally

Question 24

What does does unilamboid synostosis lead to

Answer 24

contralateral frontal bossing

Question 25

What may cause ipsilateral frontal bossing

Answer 25

positional head deformity

Question 26

What is metopic synostosis

Answer 26

premature fusion of the metopic suture

Question 27

What does metopic synostosis lead to

Answer 27

triangle shaped frontal bone

Question 28

What is the treatment for plagiocephaly

Answer 28

helmets and OMM

Question 29

What is acrania

Answer 29

failure of the skull to develop

Question 30

What happens to the brain in acrania

Answer 30

it is exposed to amniotic fluid

Question 31

What is anencephaly

Answer 31

brain does not develop due to acrania

Question 32

What is microcephaly

Answer 32

small neurocranium compared to viscerocranium

Question 33

What causes microcephaly

Answer 33

brain does not grow or multiple sutures fusing prematurely

Question 34

What are the 5 facial primordia

Answer 34

1 frontonasal prominent 2 maxillary prominences 2 mandibular prominences

Question 35

Where are the maxillary and mandibular prominences derived from

Answer 35

arch 1

Question 36

What does the frontonasal prominence give rise to

Answer 36

medial and lateral promenences

Question 37

What will be formed from the fusing of the medial nasal prominences

Answer 37

central part of upper lip and medial aspect of the nose

Question 38

What will the nasolacrimal groove form from

Answer 38

lateral side of lateral nasal prominence merging with maxillary

Question 39

What does the nasolacrimal groove develop into

Answer 39

nasolacrimal duct

Question 40

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct

Answer 40

empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

Question 41

What forms the intermaxillary segment of the palate

Answer 41

medial nasal prominences as they fuse together

Question 42

What is the alveolus

Answer 42

bony socket, a cavity in the alveolar bone that houses the root of a tooth

Question 43

What is the hard palate composed of

Answer 43

primary palate | secondary palate

Question 44

What makes up the secondary palate

Answer 44

maxillary prominences

Question 45

How can the tongue affect development of the palate

Answer 45

if the tongue does not move down the palatine shelves won't be able to fuse properly

Question 46

What will the nasal septum fuse with as it moves inferiorly

Answer 46

palatine shelves

Question 47

What is the dividing line between anterior (primary) and posterior (secondary) palates

Answer 47

incisive foramen

Question 48

What are anterior and posterior clefts named in relation to

Answer 48

incisive foramen

Question 49

What are the different types of clefts

Answer 49

``` anterior cleft posterior cleft cleft lip median cleft median cleft of lower lip facial cleft microstomia ```

Question 50

What failed to fuse in a median cleft

Answer 50

median nasal prominences

Question 51

What failed to fuse in an oblique fascial cleft

Answer 51

lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

Question 52

What is macrostomia

Answer 52

wide mouth

Question 53

What causes macrostomia

Answer 53

maxillary and mandibular prominences did not fuse properly

Question 54

What causes posterior cleft

Answer 54

left and right palatal shelves did not fuse properly

Question 55

What does the prechordal cartilage fuse with

Answer 55

olfactory capsule

Question 56

What does the prechordal cartilage contribute to

Answer 56

ethmoid bone

Question 57

Where does the parachordal cartilage form

Answer 57

cranial end of notocord and fuses with cartilage from occipital somites

Question 58

Wht does parachordal cartilage form

Answer 58

occipital bone

Question 59

Where is the hypophysial cartilage found

Answer 59

around developing pituitary gland

Question 60

what does hypophysial cartilage form

Answer 60

body of sphenoid

Question 61

What are the capsules around the special sensory structures of the head

Answer 61

olfactory otic optic

Question 62

What does the olfactory capsule do

Answer 62

fuses with prechordal and form ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal and inferior concha

Question 63

What does the otic capsule do

Answer 63

forms around the primordium of the middle and internal ear and gives rise to the petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone

Question 64

What does the optic capsule do

Answer 64

surrounds the eye and gives rise to the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid

Question 65

What is the membranous neurocranium derived from

Answer 65

neural crest cells | paraxial mesoderm

Question 66

What does the membranous viscerocranium arise from

Answer 66

first arch and NCC

Question 67

What bones does the membranous viscerocranium contribute to

Answer 67

squamous temporal maxillary zygomatic bones most of mandible

Question 68

What will the pharyngeal arches contribute to the cartilaginous viscerocranium

Answer 68

``` malleus and incus stapes, lesser horn and superior part of hyoid greater horns and inferior hyoid epiglottis laryngeal cartilages ```

Question 69

When does the face begin to develop

Answer 69

week 4

Question 70

When will nasal placodes begin forming

Answer 70

week 4

Question 71

WHen will the medial nasal prominences fuse

Answer 71

7-10 weeks

Question 72

When will the maxillary prominences begin to fuse wiht the lateral nasal prominence

Answer 72

week 6

Question 73

What will the intermaxillary segment give rise to

Answer 73

philtrum premaxillary part of maxilla primary palate

Question 74

What are the 5 ectodermal placodes that form on each side of the head

Answer 74

``` hypophyseal olfactory ventrolateral dorsolateral intermediate ```

Question 75

What does the olfactory placode give rise to

Answer 75

epithelium of nasal cavity

Question 76

What does the ventrolateral placode give rise to

Answer 76

ganglia of CN VII, IX, and X

Question 77

What does the dorsolateral placode give rise to

Answer 77

otic placodes

Question 78

What does the intermediate placode give rise to

Answer 78

profundal and trigeminal placodes--trigeminal ganglia

Question 79

What does the hypophyseal placode give rise to

Answer 79

Rathke's pouch

Question 80

What are cranial senosry ganglia derived from

Answer 80

neural crest and ectodermal placodes

Question 81

When will the primary palate form

Answer 81

weeks 5-12

Question 82

When will the secondary palate begin to develop

Answer 82

week 6

Question 83

What is oxycephaly

Answer 83

premature closure of the coronal suture

Question 84

What shape of the skull in oxycephaly

Answer 84

high tower like crnaium

Question 85

What is choanal atresia

Answer 85

Incomplete canalizaiton of the nasal passage during development

Question 86

What are the signs of coanal atresia

Answer 86

``` CHARGE Coloboma of iris, choroid Heart defect Atresia of Choanae Retarded growth GU anomaly Ear defect ```

Question 87

What is microstomia

Answer 87

small mouth

Question 88

What causes microstomia

Answer 88

excessive merging of maxillary and mandibular prominences

Question 89

What does a cleft lip involve

Answer 89

only the lip; can be bilateral, occurs in various degrees, more common in males

Question 90

What is an anterior cleft

Answer 90

cleft lip that may involve the alveolar part of the maxilla, anterior to the incisive foramen

Question 91

What is deficit in an anterior cleft

Answer 91

maxillary prominence and intermaxillary segment

Question 92

What is posterior cleft

Answer 92

secondary palate and extends through the soft and hard palate

Question 93

What is the mild case of posterior cleft involve

Answer 93

only the uvula

Question 94

What causes posterior cleft

Answer 94

defective development of secondary palate

Question 95

What is median cleft

Answer 95

failure of medial nasal prominences to merge and form intermaxillary segment

Question 96

What is median cleft a characteristic of

Answer 96

Mohr syndrome

Question 97

What doesnt form properly in a median cleft of lower lip

Answer 97

failure of mandibular prominence to fuse

Question 98

What is an oblique facial cleft

Answer 98

cleft from upper lip to medial margin of orbit