Development of GI System (Exam 2)

Question 1

What is the function of the vitelline duct

Answer 1

maintains continuity between the yolk sac and primitive gut tube

Question 2

What layers contribute to the gut tube

Answer 2

all 3 germ layers

Question 3

What does the endoderm contribute to the gut tube

Answer 3

endothelial lining from pharynx to upper anal canal

epithelium of all evagination: accessory GI organs

Question 4

What does the mesoderm contribute to the gut tube

Answer 4

CT and smooth muscle

Question 5

What does the ectoderm contribute to the gut tube

Answer 5

epithelium at rostral and caudal ends of tube

neural crest (neuroectoderm) contributes to ganglia

Question 6

What parts of the yolk sac remain outside the embryo

Answer 6

allantois and remaining yolk sac

Question 7

What provides communication between gut and yolk sac

Answer 7

vitelline duct

Question 8

What is the stomodeum

Answer 8

primitive oral cavity

Question 9

What is the proctodeum

Answer 9

dimple over the cloak that indicates where the anus will form

Question 10

What are the 3 portions of the gut tube

Answer 10

foregut
midgut
hindgut

Question 11

Where is the foregut

Answer 11

buccopharyngeal membrane to 2nd part of duodenum

Question 12

Where is the midgut

Answer 12

3rd part of duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon

Question 13

Where is the hindgut

Answer 13

lower 1/3 of transverse colon to cloacal membrane

Question 14

What artery supplies the foregut

Answer 14

celiac artery

Question 15

What artery supplies the midgut

Answer 15

superior mesenteric

Question 16

What artery supplies the hindgut

Answer 16

inferior mesenteric

Question 17

How will the respiratory system develop

Answer 17

respiratory diverticulum appears in the ventral wall of the esophagus

Question 18

What partitions the esophagus and respiratory primordium

Answer 18

tracheosophageal septum

Question 19

What are the common esophageal anomalies

Answer 19

proximal blind end with distal fistula

Question 20

What will a fistula in the esophagus result in

Answer 20

respiratory infections and choking

Question 21

What will a blind end pouch result in

Answer 21

vomiting and failure to thrive

Question 22

What produces stomach curvatures

Answer 22

differential growth

Question 23

What are the rotations of the stomach

Answer 23

90 degrees in axial plain

45 degrees in caudal plane

Question 24

What occurs to the vagal trunks with rotation

Answer 24

once left and right

now anterior and posterior

Question 25

How is the stomach innervated

Answer 25

vagus

Question 26

What is the greater omentum derived from

Answer 26

folds of dorsal mesentery

Question 27

Where is the greater omentum found

Answer 27

hanging off greater curvature and posterior wall

Question 28

What rotation form greater omentum

Answer 28

longitudinal rotation

Question 29

What is the lesser omentum derived from

Answer 29

ventral mesentery

Question 30

What does the duodenum arise form

Answer 30

caudal end of foregut and rostral end of midgut

Question 31

What occurs to the duodenum as the stomach rotates

Answer 31

pulls duodenum superiorly and to the right, results in C-shaped duodenum

Question 32

What occurs to the duodenum in the 2nd month

Answer 32

obliterated, but then recanalyzed by apoptosis

Question 33

If the duodenum is not recanalyzed what occurs

Answer 33

duodenal atresia

Question 34

What is characteristic on X-ray of duodenal atresia

Answer 34

double bubble

Question 35

What are signs and symptoms of duodenal atresia

Answer 35

bilious vomiting

Question 36

What organs will originate as outgrowths of duodenum

Answer 36

pancreas liver gallbladder

Question 37

What part of the duodenum gives rise to pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Answer 37

part 2

Question 38

How does the liver form

Answer 38

bud grows out into ventral mesentery and penetrates septum transversum

Question 39

What does endoderm contribute to in the liver

Answer 39

parenchyma and lining the biliary ducts

Question 40

What does mesoderm contribute to in the liver

Answer 40

hematopoietic, Kupffer cells, and CT

Question 41

How does the gallbladder form

Answer 41

cystic duct develop as ventral outgrowths from bile ducts

Question 42

What occurs to the ducts of the pancreas during develop

Answer 42

solidify and recanalize

Question 43

How does the pancreas from

Answer 43

in two parts-ventral and dorsal | differential growth leads to fusion of buds (ventral swings to dorsal)

Question 44

Most of the pancreas substance comes from what bud

Answer 44

dorsal bud

Question 45

Most of the pancreatic ducts come from what bud

Answer 45

ventral

Question 46

What does the ventral bud of the pancreas contribute to

Answer 46

uncinate process

Question 47

Where does the secreting cells of pancreas come from

Answer 47

endoderm

Question 48

Where do the CT of pancreas come from

Answer 48

mesoderm

Question 49

Where does the main pancreatic duct form from

Answer 49

distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct and entire ventral pancreatic duct

Question 50

Where does the accessory duct of pancreas come from

Answer 50

proximal part of dorsal bud

Question 51

Where does the accessory duct of pancreas open into

Answer 51

superior to main duct

Question 52

What is annular pancreas

Answer 52

malrotation of the ventral pancreatic bud: rotates anteriorly or not at al

Question 53

What does annular pancreas result in

Answer 53

duodenum encircled and causes stenosi

Question 54

What are symptoms of annular pancreas

Answer 54

non bilious vomiting

Question 55

What defect results in bilious vomiting

Answer 55

duodenal atresia

Question 56

What defect results in non-bilious vomiting

Answer 56

annular pancreas

Question 57

How is the primary intestinal loop formed

Answer 57

rapid growth of gut tube and mesentery

Question 58

How will the midgut obtain anatomical position

Answer 58

due to differential growth, midgut herniates through umbilical ring

Question 59

What occurs as the midgut herniates

Answer 59

90 degrees of counterclockwise rotation

Question 60

How long does the midgut remain outside the body

Answer 60

1 month

Question 61

What occurs as the midgut returns to the body

Answer 61

180 degrees of counterclockwise rotation

Question 62

What part of the midgut returns first after physiological herniation

Answer 62

jejunum

Question 63

What part of midgut returns last after physiological herniation

Answer 63

cecal bud

Question 64

What is formed after the midgut returns to the abdomen

Answer 64

appendix is formed

Question 65

What causes Meckel's diverticulum

Answer 65

persistence of vitelline duct leads to outpouching

Question 66

What are the rule of 2's for Meckel's diverticulum

Answer 66

``` 2% of population presenting age 2 y/o 2'' long occurs 2' from ileocecal valve 2x more common in males find 2 types of ectopic tissue (gastric pancreatic) ```

Question 67

What are the different types of vitelline duct abnormalities

Answer 67

Meckel's diverticulum Vitelline cyst Vitelline fistula

Question 68

What is umbilical hernia

Answer 68

protrusion of abdominal contents into the umbilicus; usually due to weakness in the wall

Question 69

What is the cloaca

Answer 69

common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products

Question 70

What lines the cloaca

Answer 70

endoderm

Question 71

What is urorectal septum

Answer 71

formed from two folds that serve to divide the cloaca

Question 72

What does the urorectal septum divide the cloaca into

Answer 72

recto-anal canal | urogenital sinus

Question 73

What is the cloacal membrane divided into

Answer 73

urogenital membrane | anal membrane

Question 74

How is the lower anal canal formed

Answer 74

invagination of surface ectoderm

Question 75

What is the pectinate lien

Answer 75

dividing line between ectoderm and endoderm

Question 76

What is the anal pit

Answer 76

invagination of ectoderm from proctodeum

Question 77

What is an imperforate anus

Answer 77

anal membrane fails to break down and nothing can leave anal canal

Question 78

What will result from a persistent cloaca

Answer 78

one pouch that collects urine and feces

Question 79

What is Hirschsprung's disease

Answer 79

improper migration of NCC into the developing hindgut. NCC give rise to ganglia.

Question 80

Wat causes achalasia

Answer 80

damage to ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus

Question 81

What results in achalasia

Answer 81

dilated esophagus with tonically contracted LES= dysphagia

Question 82

What is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Answer 82

thickening of pylorus of stomach, obstruction and distention of stomach projectile vomiting

Question 83

What will result from extra hepatic biliary atresia

Answer 83

jaundice occurs shortly after birth, stool is "clay colored" and urine is dark

Question 84

What is the most common anomaly of the pancreas

Answer 84

pancreas divisum

Question 85

what occurs in pancreas divisum

Answer 85

abnormal development of the pancreatic duct system, accessory duct drains nearly the entire pancreas via the minor papilla

Question 86

What does pancreas divisoum increase one's risk of

Answer 86

pancreatitis

Question 87

What is a choledochal cyst

Answer 87

congenital dilation of the common bile duct

Question 88

What is choledochal cyst associated with

Answer 88

increased stone formation

Question 89

What are symptoms of esophageal atresia

Answer 89

vomiting of uncurdled milk

Question 90

What are symptoms of gastric atresia

Answer 90

vomiting of curdled milk

Question 91

What are symptoms of duodenal atresia

Answer 91

vomit containing bile