Chapter Nine - Knowledge Flashcards
(113 cards)
Conceptual Knowledge
knowledge that enables us to recognize objects + events
-make inferences about their properties
Concept
-mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions
Categorization
process by which things are placed into groups
What are categories?
all possible examples of a particular concept
Concepts provide ______ for categories
the rules
Why are categories useful?
- helpful to understand individual cases not previously encountered
- “Pointers to knowledge”
How are categories pointers to knowledge?
- categories provide a wealth of general information about an item
- allow us to identify the special characteristics of a particular item
How do we determine category membership?
-whether object meets definition of the category
What is family resemblance?
-proposed idea to address problem that definitions often do not include all members of a category
How does family resemblance relate to categorization?
- things in a category resemble one another in another of ways
- allows for some variation within a category
Categorization may be based on _____
determining how similar an object is to some standard representation of a category
What is a prototype
- typical
- average representation of the typical member of cate
Prototype approach to categorization
-membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category
What is an example of the prototype approach?
- not all birds are like robins, blue jays, or sparrows
- owls and penguins are also birds
Who is Rosch?
What was his experiment?
- prototype experiment
- S saw a category title (ex birds) + list of ~50 members of the category
- S asked to rate extent to which each member represented category title
What is high-prototypicality?
-category member closely resembles category prototype
-“tytpical” member
EX: “bird” = robin
What is low-prototypicality?
-category member does not closely resemble category prototype
EX: “bird” = penguin
What did Rosch and Mervis’s experiment test?
-test how well do good + poor examples of category compare to to other items within the category
How did Rosch and Mervis’s experiment work?
-for each common object, list as many characteristics/attributes
What does it mean when items have a large amount of overlap with characteristics of other items in the category?
-family resemblance of these items is high
EX: good examples of furniture = chair, sofa
poor examples = mirror
There is a strong positive relationship between _____ and _______
-prototypicality, family resemblance
What does low overlap between items mean?
-low family resemblance
What is the typicality effect?
-prototypical objects are processed preferentially
How are highly prototypical objects judge?
-more rapidly
EX: sentence verification technique
an apple is a fruit (y/n)
a pomegranate is a fruit (y/n)