Chapter/Packet 9 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Bill of Rights
It spells out Americans’ rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets rules for due process of law and reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal Government to the people or the States.
Judiciary Act of 1789
established the multi-tiered federal court system we know today. In addition, it set the number of Supreme Court Justices at six and created the office of the Attorney General to argue on behalf of the United States in cases before the Supreme Court.
funding at par
Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay it’s Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation’s credit.
assumption
Assumption Day commemorates the belief that when Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ, died, her body was “assumed” into heaven to be reunited with her soul, instead of going through the natural process of physical decay upon death.
tariff
have three primary functions: to serve as a source of revenue, to protect domestic industries, and to remedy trade distortions (punitive function). The revenue function comes from the fact that the income from tariffs provides governments with a source of funding.
excise tax
are taxes required on specific goods or services like fuel, tobacco, and alcohol. They are primarily taxes that must be paid by businesses, usually increasing prices for consumers indirectly. Excise taxes can be ad valorem (paid by percentage) or specific (cost charged by unit).
strict construction
requires a judge to apply the text only as it is written. Once the court has a clear meaning of the text, no further investigation is required. Judges—in this view—should avoid drawing inferences from a statute or constitution and focus only on the text itself.
Bank of the United
States
It helped fund the public debt left from the American Revolution, facilitated the issuance of a stable national currency, and provided a convenient means of exchange for all the people of the United States.
Wabash, Battle of the
The American Indian victory at the Battle of the Wabash ultimately only delayed Euro-American settlement in the Northwest Territory. In 1793, Major General Anthony Wayne built a fort at the site of the defeat and it was named Fort Recovery.
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was the first test of federal authority in the United States. This rebellion enforced the idea that the new government had the right to levy a particular tax that would impact citizens in all states.
Reign of Terror
one of the most significant events of the French Revolution. It was originally carried out to stop supposed threats to revolution, but ended up displaying the excesses of the revolution and the heights of violence.
Haitian Revolution
In August of 1791 an organized slave rebellion broke out, marking the start of a twelve-year resistance to obtain human rights. The Haitian Revolution is the only successful slave revolt in history, and resulted in the establishment of Haiti, the first independent black state in the New World.
Neutrality Proclamation
The most immediate effect of the Proclamation of Neutrality was that it kept the United States out of a war it wasn’t prepared for. In addition, it sparked debates about neutrality, foreign policy, and constitutional authority. Finally, the Proclamation also set a precedent for future foreign policy.
Fallen Timbers, Battle of
As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the Indians signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which ceded strategic areas, including Detroit, and control of most of the river crossings in the Old Northwest Territory to the United States. This essentially guaranteed U.S. domination over the Indian tribes.
Greenville, Treaty of
therefore of major significance in pushing the frontier westward. The vast territory beyond the Ohio valley was opened to settlement, with little fear of conflict with Indian tribes.
Jay’s Treaty
Signed on November 19, 1794, Jay’s Treaty was an agreement by the United States and Great Britain that helped avert war between the two nations.
Pinckney’s Treaty
The treaty was an important diplomatic success for the United States. It resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River as well as duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control.
Farewell Address
Washington offered his advice to the citizens of the United States. His key points were to warn Americans against the danger of political parties, to remain neutral in foreign conflicts and to celebrate their achievements.
XYZ Affair
a diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.
Quasi-War with Frang,
the first seaborne conflict for the newly established U.S. Navy. It was the first action by the United States to protect its shipping abroad and the first effort to exert control over the Caribbean Sea.
Convention of 1800
ended the Quasi-War between France and the United States. France agreed to return captured American ships, while the United States agreed to compensate its citizens for $20 million damages inflicted by France on American shipping.
Alien Laws
These laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the president to deport “aliens,” and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime.
Sedition Act
made it a crime for American citizens to “print, utter, or publish… any false, scandalous, and malicious writing” about the government. The laws were directed against Democratic-Republicans, the party typically favored by new citizens.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
Drafted in secret by future Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the resolutions condemned the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutional and claimed that because these acts overstepped federal authority under the Constitution, they were null and void.
